Depositional process and model of debrite dominated deep-water system in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin
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摘要:研究目的
碎屑流是深水环境沉积物搬运和分散的重要机制，其相关的砂岩储层是含油气盆地重要的勘探目标，然而，与经典浊流及浊积系统相比，对碎屑流主控型深水体系的发育规律目前仍知之甚少。
研究方法本文基于岩心、测井及全三维地震资料，通过系统的岩心观察描述、测井及地震资料解释，对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷始新统沙三中亚段深水体系沉积过程及模式开展研究。
研究结果结果表明，沙三中深水体系发育九种异地搬运岩相，可概括为四大成因类型，反映了块体及流体两种搬运过程。岩相定量统计表明，该深水体系主要由碎屑流沉积构成，浊流沉积很少，碎屑流中又以砂质碎屑流为主。重力流在搬运过程中经历了滑动、滑塌、砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流及浊流等5个阶段演变，发育5类主要的深水沉积单元，包括滑动体、滑塌体、碎屑流水道、碎屑流朵体及浊积薄层砂。从发育规模及储层物性上，砂质碎屑流水道、朵体及砂质滑动体构成了本区最重要的深水储层类型。
结论认为沙三中时期充足的物源供给、三角洲前缘高沉积速率、断陷期频繁的断层活动以及较短的搬运距离是碎屑流主控型深水体系形成及演化的主控因素，最终基于沉积过程、沉积样式及盆地地貌特征综合建立了碎屑流主控型深水体系沉积模式。本研究将进一步丰富深水沉积理论，为陆相深水储层预测提供借鉴。
创新点：（1）明确了陆相断陷湖盆碎屑流主控型深水体系的存在，对其成因流体类型进行了定量研究；（2）揭示了碎屑流主控型深水体系的沉积动力过程、沉积结构单元特征及发育控制机理。
Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
ObjectiveDebris flow represents an important mechanism of sediment transport and dispersal in deep-water environment, the related sandstone reservoir constitute one of the important targets for petroleum exploration in petroliferous basins, while deep-water systems dominated by debris flows are still poorly understand compared to well-studied turbidity currents and turbidite systems.
MethodsThe depositional process and model of gravity flows which developed in the Middle Sub-member of the 3rd Member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation, Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin have been studied through the integration of core data examination, well logging data and 3D seismic data interpretation.
ResultsIt is suggested that nine base types of lithofacies can be recognized in slump-derived gravity flow deposits, which can be summarized into four main origin types, which indicate mass transport and flow transport processes, respectively. Quantitative lithofacies analysis suggests that the slump-derived gravity flow depositional system is dominated by debris flows, while turbidity currents are less important, and sandy debris flows represent the most important debris flow type. The slump-derived gravity flows undergo five evolution stages including slide, slump, sandy debris flow, muddy debris flow and turbidity currents, which correspondingly develop five types of deep-water depositional elements during transportation and evolution, including slide, slump, debrite channel, debrite lobe and turbidite sheet. Sandy debrite channels, lobes and sandy slides constitute the most important deep-water reservoirs in the study area according to their wide distribution and reservoir property.
ConclusionsIt is proposed that adequate sediment supply, high depositional rate on delta-front, frequent tectonic activities and short transport distance are the main controlling factors. Accordingly, a depositional model is proposed to depict slump-derived gravity flow systems based on depositional processes, sedimentary patterns and basin morphology. This study seeks to improve deep-water sedimentary theories and provide guidance for petroleum exploration of deep-water sands in deep-lacustrine basins.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 1 渤海湾盆地东营凹陷构造位置及沙三中亚段沉积体系分布图
1—断层；2—取心井；3—重力流；4—城市；5—三角洲；6—隆起/凸起
Figure 1. Tectonic location of the Dongying Depression and depositional systems of the Es3m
1-Fault; 2-Cored well; 3-Gravity flow; 4-City; 5-Delta; 6-Uplift/rise
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图 2 东营凹陷沙三中亚段重力流沉积岩相特征
a—交错层理；b—砂岩中的变形层理，见泥质纹层扭曲；c—泥岩中的变形构造，见砂质条带扭曲；d—洁净块状砂岩；e—块状砂岩中的漂浮泥砾；f—洁净块状砂岩与上覆含漂砾块状砂岩直接接触；g—块状泥岩中漂浮砾石；h—砂岩中的垂向多期正韵律；i—波纹交错层理
Figure 2. Sedimentary facies of gravity flow deposits in the Es3m in the Dongying Depression
a-Cross bedding; b-Deformed bedding and contorted mud layers in sandstones; c-Deformed structure and contorted sand layers in mudstones; d-Clean massive sandstones; e-Floating mud clasts in massive sandstones; f-Clean massive sandstones immediately contacted with overlying massive sandstones with floating clasts; g-Floating clasts in massive mudstones; h-Multiple fining-upwards rhythm in sandstones; i-Sand ripples
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图 3 沙三中亚段重力流沉积岩相定量分析
a—不同成因类型的重力流沉积钻遇频次饼状图；b—不同成因类型的重力流沉积钻遇厚度饼状图；c—碎屑流沉积钻遇厚度饼状图
Figure 3. Quantification of lithofacies in gravity flow deposits in the Es3m
a-Pie chart of frequency distribution of different gravity flow deposits; b- Pie chart of thickness distribution of different gravity flow deposits; c- Pie chart of thickness distribution of different debris flow deposits
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图 4 东营凹陷沙三中亚段滑动体垂直物源地震剖面解释及砂岩分布（剖面位置见图 1）
图a中钻井旁红色曲线为自然电位测井曲线；SP—自然电位测井；GR—伽马测井；COND—感应测井；PSS—准层序组；1—砂质滑动体
Figure 4. Seismic facies of slide in the vertical direction of source and sand distribution in the Es3m in the Dongying Depression (see location in Fig. 1)
Logging curves (red) in Fig. 4a indicate spontaneous potential well-logs; SP- spontaneous potential logging; GR-Gamma ray logging; COND- Induction-conductivity logging; PSS-Parasequence set; 1-Sand slides
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图 6 X139井沙三中亚段砂质碎屑流水道沉积特征
a—X139井碎屑流水道自然电位测井曲线特征，SP—自然电位测井；b—水道岩心柱状图；c—水道中块状砂岩沉积1—泥岩；2—砂岩；3—泥质砂岩；4—泥/砂撕裂屑；5—泥/砂砾石
Figure 6. Depositional charactristics of sandy debris flow channel in Well X139 in the Es3m
a-Spontaneous potential well-log of debris flow channel in Well X139, SP-Spontaneous potential logging; b-Core description of debris flow channel; c-Massive sandstones in debris flow channel; 1-Mudstone; 2-Sandstone; 3-Muddy sandstone; 4-Mud/sand rip ups; 5-Mud/sand pebbles
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图 7 Y93井沙三中亚段碎屑流朵体沉积特征
a—Y93井碎屑流朵体伽马测井曲线特征，GR—伽马测井；b—朵体岩心柱状图；c—朵体中冲刷面及含漂砾块状砂岩沉积；d—朵体中含漂砾块状泥质砂岩沉积；e—朵体中洁净块状砂岩沉积；1—泥岩；2—砂岩；3—泥质砂岩；4—泥/砂撕裂屑；5—泥/砂砾石；6—朵体前积；7—朵体退积
Figure 7. Depositional characteristics of sandy debris flow lobe in Well Y93 in the Es3m
a-GR logging responses of debris flow lobe in Well Y93, GR-Gamma ray logging; b-Core description of debris flow lobe; c-Erosive surface and sandstones with floating clasts in debris flow lobe; d- Massive muddy sandstones with floating clasts in debris flow lobe; e- Clean massive sandstones in debris flow lobe; 1-Mudstone; 2-Sandstone; 3-Muddy sandstone; 4-Mud/sand rip ups; 5-Mud/sand pebbles; 6-Lobe progradation; 7-Lobe retrogradation
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图 8 沙三中亚段碎屑流朵体沉积特征
a—朵体地震反射剖面；b—碎屑流朵体地震均方根振幅属性切片；c—沉积解释；1—碎屑流朵体；2—碎屑流水道；3—浊积薄层砂；4—深湖；5—井位；6—断层；PSS—准层序组
Figure 8. Depositional characteristics of sandy debris flow lobe in the Es3m
a-Seismic profile of debris flow lobe; b-RMS seismic amplitude slice of debris flow lobe; c-Sedimentary interpretation; 1-Debrite lobe; 2-Debrite channel; 3-Turbidite sheet; 4-Deep lake; 5-Well location; 6-Fault; PSS-Parasequence set
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图 9 东营凹陷沙三中亚段重力流沉积地震切片及相解释
a—地震均方根振幅属性切片；b—沉积解释；1—碎屑流朵体；2—滑动体；3—碎屑流水道；4—浊积薄层砂；5—深湖；6—井位；7—断层
Figure 9. Seismic slicing and facies interpretation of gravity flow deposits in in the Es3m in the Dongying Depression
a-RMS amplitude seismic slice; b-Sedimentary interpretation; 1-Debrite lobe; 2-Slides; 3-Debrite channel; 4-Turbidite sheet; 5-Deep lake; 6-Well location; 7-Fault
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图 10 东营凹陷沙三中亚段连井对比及重力流沉积分布特征
井旁为自然电位测井曲线，SP-自然电位测井；1—湖相；2—重力流沉积；3—三角洲；4—断层
Figure 10. Correlation section along the supply direction and gravity flow deposits distribution in the Es3m in the Dongying Depression
Logging curves in Fig. 10 indicate spontaneous potential well-logs, SP-Spontaneous potential logging; 1-Lake; 2-Gravity flow deposits; 3-Delta; 4-Fault
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图 11 东营凹陷始新统沙三中亚段碎屑流主控型深水体系沉积模式
Figure 11. Depositional model of debrite dominated deep-water system in the Es3m of the Eocene Dongying Depression
表 1 东营凹陷始新统沙三中亚段重力流岩相类型划分
Table 1 Lithofacies classification of gravity flow deposits of the Es3m in the Eocene Dongying Depression
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