Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil around the molybdenum mining area in Luanchuan, Henan Province
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摘要:研究目的
栾川县是中国典型钼矿集中开采区，查清钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况对区域环境污染防治、矿山生态修复以及矿业可持续发展具有重要意义。
研究方法在典型钼矿区周边赤土店镇范围内农田采集表层土壤样品54件，分析其重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As、Cr、Ni含量及空间分布特征，采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、健康风险指数法开展重金属污染评价、生态风险及健康风险评估。
研究结果研究区农田土壤中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量平均值超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值，是区域农田土壤主要污染重金属元素，As仅个别点位超标，Hg、Cr、Ni未超标；空间分布特征显示：钼矿开采集中区较近的A区是Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量高值的主要分布区，随着距离的增大，到B区和C区，含量呈逐渐降低趋势，元素超标率A区> B区> C区；以河南省表层土壤背景值为标准，Hg、As、Cr、Ni地累积指数平均值均小于1，表现为无污染至轻污染，Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb污染较为严重，Cd达到中污染至重污染，Cu、Zn、Pb主要为轻污染至重污染水平，污染程度Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu，其中A区污染程度最高，B区次之，C区相对较低；重金属潜在生态风险以轻微生态风险为主，少量为中等生态风险，其中A区潜在生态风险高于B区和C区，以Cd元素最为突出；研究区农田土壤中各元素非致癌健康风险指数均小于1，从大到小依次为Cr > As > Pb > Ni > Cd >Cu > Zn > Hg，致癌健康风险指数均小于1×10-4，从大到小依次为Ni > Cr >As > Cd，属于可接受风险水平，其中儿童的致癌和非致癌健康风险指数均高于成人。
结论钼矿区周边农田土壤中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb存在一定程度的污染，达到中污染至重污染水平，但整体生态风险较低，非致癌和致癌健康风险均在合理范围内，人群受土壤中重金属的影响患癌症和非致癌疾病的风险较低，其中儿童对重金属更为敏感，更容易受到重金属危害，因此需要加强保护。
创新点：采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、健康风险评估模型系统评价了栾川县钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染程度、空间分布、潜在生态风险以及人群健康风险，为矿区环境污染防治和居民健康保护提供了依据。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environment geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveLuanchuan County is a typical molybdenum mining area in China. It is of great significance to figure out the pollution status of heavy metals in the agricultural soil around the molybdenum mining area for regional environmental prevention, mine ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining industry.
MethodsThis study collected 54 topsoil samples from the agricultural land in Chitudian Town around the typical molybdenum mining area. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, As, Cr and Ni were analyzed for obtaining the spatial distribution characteristics of these heavy metals, and the heavy metal pollution, ecological risk and human health risk was evaluated by the geo-accumulation index method, potential ecological risk index method and health risk index method, respectively.
ResultsCompared with the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb are the main elements exceed the standard values, As concentrations in a few samples exceeds the standard values, and the concentrations of Hg, Cr, Ni in all the samples did not exceed the standard values. The spatial distribution characteristics showed that area A (around the molybdenum mining area) is the main distribution area with high concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, which decreased gradually with the increase of distance. The order of percentages of sample sites with heavy metal concentrations exceeding the risk screening values is area A> area B> area C. According to the values of geo-accumulation indices based on background values for heavy metals in topsoil of Henan Province, the pollution levels for Hg, As, Cr and Ni in the soils were between unpolluted to moderately polluted, and the pollution level of Cd was moderate to heavy polluted, while the pollution levels of Cu, Zn and pollution level of Pb is between moderately polluted to strongly polluted. Light to heavy degree, showing the order of pollution degree are Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu and area A> area B>area C; In terms of potential ecological risk, study area shows slight ecological risk, where the risk in area A is higher than that in other areas (B and C), and Cd posed most highest risks. The non-carcinogenic health risk index is less than 1, with the order of Cr > As > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu > Zn > Hg, and the carcinogenic health risk index is less than 1×10-4, with the order of Ni > Cr > As > Cd, which is an acceptable risk level. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk indexes for children are higher than those for adults.
ConclusionsThe pollution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the agricultural soil around the molybdenum mining area was existing, reaching the levels of moderate to strong pollution, but the overall ecological risk is low, and the risks of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health were within an acceptable range. Children are more sensitive and vulnerable to heavy metals, so it is necessary to strengthen the protection for the children.
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图 1 栾川北部钼矿区矿产地质简图（据唐灿辉等，2015）
Figure 1. Geological map of molybdenum (Mo) deposits in northern Luanchuan (after Tang Canhui et al., 2015)
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图 2 研究区地貌(a)与采样位置图(b)
Figure 2. Geomorphology (a) and sampling sites (b) of the study area
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图 3 研究区农田土壤重金属含量箱式图
Figure 3. Box-plots of heavy metal concentrations in the study area
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图 4 研究区农田土壤重金属含量空间分布图
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the study area
表 3 重金属的潜在生态风险指数与生态风险程度
Table 3 Indices and levels of potential ecological risk of heavy metals
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表 5 重金属不同暴露途径的参考剂量RfD(mg/(kg·d))和致癌斜率因子SF((kg·d)/mg)
Table 5 Reference doses (RfD, mg/(kg·d)) and cancer slope factors (SF, (kg·d)/mg) of heavy metals via different exposure pathways
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表 6 研究区农田土壤重金属变异系数和超标情况
Table 6 Coefficients of variation and percentages of sample sites with heavy metal concentrations exceeding the risk screening values in the study area
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表 7 土壤重金属污染地累积指数分级
Table 7 The classification of heavy metal pollution based on the geo-accumulation index (Igeo)
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表 8 农田土壤重金属的潜在生态风险指数统计
Table 8 Potential ecological risk of heavy metal in the agricultural soil
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表 9 研究区农田土壤健康风险指数
Table 9 Human health risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soil of study area
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