Progress and development proposals in the exploration and development of continental shale oil in China
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摘要:研究目的
中国页岩油资源丰富且快速发展，但仍存在探明率低、开采难度大、产量低等关键问题，因此需要分析中国陆相页岩油勘探开发进展与形势，提出页岩油发展建议，服务国家能源安全保障。
研究方法通过梳理国内外页岩油发展历程，分析近些年我国陆相页岩油勘探开发取得重大突破、重要进展的方向与领域，总结页岩油储产量增长点。
研究结果鄂尔多斯盆地探明了国内首个10亿t页岩油大油田、松辽盆地古龙凹陷新增页岩油预测地质储量12.68亿t、渤海湾盆地古近系多口探井试获高产工业油流、准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔页岩油三级地质储量达5亿t等8项重大进展；形成了具有中国特色的页岩油富集理论和勘探开发技术；截至2021年底，全国页岩油探明地质储量12.2亿t，待探明地质资源量271.06亿t，探明率为4.3%，勘探潜力巨大；八个大中型含油气盆地取得多个层系页岩油调查勘探的重大突破，展示了中国陆相页岩油广阔的发展前景。
结论鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、准噶尔盆地、四川盆地、江汉盆地是页岩油未来勘探开发主要地区，有望成为“十四五”油气现实接替领域；渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷渤南地区古近系、鄂尔多斯盆地陇东和伊陕斜坡三叠系、松辽盆地古龙凹陷白垩系、准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系、四川盆地川东地区侏罗系、江汉盆地潜江凹陷古近系为增储上产的有利目标区；大型盆地页岩油资源潜力动态评价、不同类型页岩油成藏机理和不同成熟度页岩油勘探开发技术、中小型盆地页岩油调查评价是中国陆相页岩油下一步工作的重点方向。
创新点：（1）分析八个大中型盆地陆相页岩油重大突破，总结页岩油储量增长点。（2）提出中国陆相页岩油未来勘探开发重点盆地、有利目标区和四项发展建议。
Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
ObjectiveIn China, shale oil resources are abundant and developing rapidly, but there are still key issues such as low exploration rate, high extraction difficulty, and low production. Therefore, it is necessary to analysis the progress and situation of the exploration and development of continental shale oil, and suggestions for the development of shale oil are put forward to serve the national energy security.
MethodsBy combing the development history of shale oil at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the direction and field of the major breakthrough and important progress of continental shale oil exploration and development in recent years, and summarizes the growth points of shale oil reservest.
ResultsEight major developments were made, mainly including the Ordos Basin proved the first one billion ton shale oil field in China, the estimated new shale oil reserves in Gulong Sag of Songliao Basin are 1.268 billion tons, a number of exploratory Wells in the Paleogene in Bohai Bay Basin have been tested to produce high industrial oil flow and the Jimsar shale oil third-level geological reserves of 500 million tons in Junggar Basin, which form the shale oil enrichment theory and exploration and development technology with Chinese characteristics. By the end of 2021, China had proven geological reserves of 1.22 billion tons of shale oil, with 27.106 million tons of unproven geological resources, representing a discovery rate of 4.3 percent and huge exploration potential. Eight large and medium-sized oil and gas basins have made major breakthroughs in the investigation and exploration of multiple layers of shale oil, which shows the broad development prospect of continental shale oil in China.
ConclusionsOrdos Basin, Bohai Bay, Songliao Basin, Junggar Basin, Sichuan Basin and Jianghan Basin are the main areas for shale oil exploration and development in the future and is expected to become a realistic replacement field for oil and gas during the 14th Five-Year Plan. The Paleogene formation in Bonan area of Jiyang depression in Bohai Bay basin, the Triassic formation in Longdong and Yishan slopes of Ordos basin, the Cretaceous formation in Gulong sag of Songliao basin, the Permian formation in Jimusar sag of the Junggar Basin, the Jurassic formation in eastern Sichuan basin, and the Paleogene formation in Qianjiang sag of Jianghan basin are favorable target areas for increasing reserves and increasing production. The dynamic evaluation of shale oil resource potential in large basins, research on shale oil theory and exploration and development technologies with different maturities, and investigation and evaluation of shale oil in small and medium-sized basins are the key directions for the next development of continental shale oil in China.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
湘中坳陷作为南方复杂构造区页岩气勘探的热点地区之一，也是中国油气勘探久攻未克的地区。前期在湘中地区北部的涟源凹陷泥盆系和石炭系获得了页岩气突破和发现，证实了湘中地区上古生界页岩气资源丰富。但对湘中地区南部的邵阳凹陷调查程度较为薄弱，针对邵阳凹陷二叠系仅开展了少量基础地质调查工作，页岩气资源潜力评价方面的工作尤为欠缺。本次研究依托邵阳湘邵地1井（XSD1井）钻探工程建立了邵阳凹陷二叠系地层层序序列，揭示了主要含气页岩层系的分布特征，获取了含气性评价参数，对湘中地区二叠系页岩气勘探开发和重新评价湘中坳陷页岩气资源潜力具有重要的现实意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心在收集分析区域地质相关资料的基础上，结合邵阳凹陷短陂桥向斜的煤田浅钻、非震物探等资料开展页岩气地质综合评价，采用页岩埋深500~4500 m，页岩有机碳含量≥1.0%，页岩厚度≥15 m，页岩有机质热演化程度1.0%~3.5%的评价参数在短陂桥向斜区优选页岩气远景区，论证部署了1口小口径页岩气地质调查井—XSD1井，湖南煤田地质勘查有限公司组织实施钻探（图 1a）。该井采样全井段取心钻井工艺，测井选取PSJ-2数字测井系统，录井采用SK-2000G气测录井，钻获二叠系大隆组156.05 m（暗色硅质页岩、钙质泥岩94.48 m），龙潭组349.95 m（暗色泥岩216.93 m，粉砂质泥岩36.9 m），对这两套层系共采集暗色泥岩样品33件，进行解析气含量测定分析，落实了含气性评价参数。
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图 1 湘邵地1井构造位置图（a）、主要含气层段岩性和含气性参数柱状图（b）、以及富集模式图（c）Figure 1. Structural location of Xiangshaodi 1 well (a), lithology and gas-bearing parameters of main gas bearing zones (b), and enrichment mode (c)3. 结果（Results）
本次样品分析工作由武汉地质调查中心古生物与生命-环境协同演化重点实验室完成，采用YSQ-IIIA岩石解析气测定仪（燃烧法）对含气段岩心共计33件样品进行分析。该井钻获二叠系大隆组厚度156.05 m，为一套硅质岩、硅质页岩、炭质钙质泥岩地层。其中在井深842~930.2 m硅质页岩、钙质泥岩段，气测全烃值从1.06%上升至16.54%，甲烷值从1.01%上升至14.04%，13件大隆组硅质页岩现场解析总含气量为1.29~9.97 m3/t，平均4.85 m3/t。实现了湘中坳陷二叠系页岩气新发现，有效拓展了华南地区大隆组勘探范围。
钻获龙潭组厚度349.95 m，上段为一套细砂岩、粉砂岩夹泥岩潮坪相沉积地层，下段为一套炭质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹薄层细砂岩泻湖相沉积地层。在井深1013.4~1048 m泥岩与粉砂岩互层段气测全烃值最高可达19.87%，甲烷值最高为16.94%，7件泥岩与粉砂岩样品现场解析总含气量0.57~3.42 m3/t，平均1.78 m3/t；井深1088.10~1199.75 m泥岩夹泥质粉砂岩含气层111.6 m，气测全烃值最高可达28.2%，甲烷值最高为23.6%，13件泥岩、粉砂质泥岩样品现场解析总含气量0.90~4.55 m3/t，平均2.01 m3/t（图 1b），首次查明了湘中坳陷二叠系龙潭组非常规油气分布特点。
通过区域地质背景分析，并结合煤田区域地质资料，本研究认为滑脱断裂（F9）上下盘具有不同的页岩气聚集条件。滑脱断裂之上由一系列的同向逆断层形成的逆冲推覆体，地层变形强烈，且裂缝发育，导致页岩气保存条件变差。滑脱断裂下盘是页岩气主要富集区，地层平缓，不发育次级通天断裂，与下盘地层形成反向遮挡，易形成封闭，保存条件良好（图 1c）。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）二叠系大隆组岩性以硅质岩、硅质页岩为主，夹少量灰岩。主要含气段存在于上段硅质页岩段，厚88.2 m，含气量平均为4.85 m3/t，含气性优越，资源潜力大。
（2）二叠系龙潭组上段以致密砂岩气为主，含气量平均为1.78 m3/t；下段以页岩气为主，泥岩厚达177.47 m，含气量平均为2.01 m3/t，具有泥岩厚度大，含气性好等特征。
（3）保存条件是页岩气富集关键，构造改造弱的封闭演化环境有利于页岩气保存，研究区滑脱断裂下盘是页岩气主要富集区，易形成封闭，保存条件良好。
（4）湘邵地1井在二叠系大隆组和龙潭组获得良好的页岩气显示，证实了湘中地区二叠系具有良好的页岩气资源潜力，对湘中地区页岩气资源潜力评价具有重要意义。
5. 基金项目（Fund support）
本文为中国地质调查局项目“中扬子地区油气页岩气调查评价”（DD20221659）资助的成果。
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图 1 世界各大区页岩油技术可采资源量
Figure 1. Technical recoverable resources of shale oil in major regions of the world
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图 2 中国陆相页岩油主要盆地和层系分布
Figure 2. Distribution of major basins and formations of continental shale oil in china
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图 3 中国不同阶段陆相页岩油地质资源量评价结果
Figure 3. Evaluation results of continental shale oil geological resources at different stages in China
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