Geochemical characteristics of global leucogranite and their mineralized relationship with rare metals
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摘要:研究目的
近年来，淡色花岗岩成为岩石学和稀有金属成矿学研究的热点，但全球淡色花岗岩的时空分布特征尚不明确。本文旨在探讨全球淡色花岗岩的时空分布特征及其成矿专属性，进而指导勘查实践。
研究方法文章系统梳理了全球115个淡色花岗岩体1155组地球化学数据，并结合项目组在南岭、川西、藏南、阿尔泰等地的工作，对数据开展综合分析研究。
研究结果在成分上，淡色花岗岩的SiO2含量较全球花岗岩平均值高1%以上，发生稀有金属矿化的岩体稀土含量极低。在空间上，中西欧海西造山带淡色花岗岩的SiO2和ALK（Na2O+K2O）含量低于喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩，也低于中国西部淡色花岗岩，而中国西部淡色花岗岩的SiO2和ALK含量又低于中国东部的淡色花岗岩，中西欧和北美地区的淡色花岗岩富集P2O5；样品中Li、Be、Nb、Ta、Ga、Rb和Sn含量的最高平均值均出现在中西欧地区，W含量最高平均值出现在中国东部。在时间上，新生代淡色花岗岩的SiO2和ALK含量高于古生代，低于中生代；古生代淡色花岗岩富集P2O5；电气石是新元古代淡色花岗岩的一个重要矿物特征。
结论成矿的淡色花岗岩一般不含岩浆型石榴子石，A/CNK>1.2，与Sn–W–Nb–Ta成矿有关的淡色花岗岩的Rb/Sr>1，ΣREE>10×10−6，与Li–Sn–Nb–Ta–Be成矿有关的淡色花岗岩的Rb/Sr>1，ΣREE<10×10−6。相比之下，中国东部中生代淡色花岗岩演化程度最高，成矿潜力最好。
创新点:中国东部中生代淡色花岗岩与全球其他地区相比演化程度更高，淡色花岗岩中石榴子石的含量、A/CNK值、Rb/Sr值及稀土元素含量可以作为成矿专属性的定量指标，有助于评价岩体的潜力。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveRecently, leucogranites have become a hot spot in the study of petrogenesis and rare metal metallogeny. However, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of global leucogranite are still unclear. For further prospecting of rare metals in China, it is essentially to clarify the spatiotemporal distribution of leucogranite and the metallogenic specialization between leucogranite and rare metal deposits.
MethodsWe collect 1155 geochemical data from 115 leucogranites worldwide, and combine with our recently achievements from the Nanling Region, Western Sichuan, Southern Tibet, and Altai.
ResultsIn reference to the composition, this study reveals that the content of SiO2 in leucogranite is exceed 1% higher than the global average value of granite, while the REE content of the rocks with rare metal mineralization is extremely low. Spatially, the content of SiO2 and ALK (Na2O+K2O) of leucogranites in the Hercynian orogenic belt in Central and Western Europe are lower than those of the Himalayan leucogranites, as well as those of Western China. Meanwhile, the SiO2 and ALK content of leucogranite in Western China are lower than Eastern China. Both leucogranites in Central and Western Europe and North America are rich in P2O5. The highest values of Li, Be, Nb, Ta, Ga, Rb and Sn in the samples appear in Central and Western Europe, while the highest values of W present in eastern China. Cenozoic SiO2 and ALK content of leucogranite were higher than Paleozoic but lower than Mesozoic. Notablely, Paleozoic leucogranite are enriched in P2O5. Besides, tourmaline is a vital indicator of Neoproterozoic leucogranite.
ConclusionsThe mineralized leucogranite are generally lack of magmatic garnet. Those leucogranite with feature of A/CNK>1.2. Rb/Sr>1, ΣREE>10×10−6 are mostly related to Sn–W–Nb–Ta mineralization, while Rb/Sr>1, ΣREE<10×10−6 of leucogranite more akin to Li–Sn–Nb–Ta–Be mineralization. All the data indicate that the Mesozoic leucogranites in Eastern China are the most evolved leucogranites worldwide and the best mineralization potential.
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Keywords:
- leucogranite /
- geochemistry /
- rare metals /
- mineral exploration engineering /
- Himalayas /
- Hercynian orogenic belt /
- Eastern China /
- Western China
Highlights:The Mesozoic leucogranites in Eastern China have the highest degree of evolution compared with other regions; The content of garnet, A/CNK, Rb/Sr, and ΣREE of leucogranite can be used as quantitative indicators of metallogenic specialization to evaluate the potential of the leucogranite.
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图 1 淡色花岗岩样品点空间分布图（全球地形图来源www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global）
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of leucogranite samples (Global topographic map is from www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global)
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图 2 不同地区淡色花岗岩主量元素哈克图解（数据来源同表1）
Figure 2. Harker diagram of the main elements of leucogranites in the different regions (Data source is the same as Table 1)
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图 3 不同时代淡色花岗岩主量元素哈克图解（数据来源同表1）
Figure 3. Harker diagram of the main elements of leucogranites in the different age (Data source same as Table 1)
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图 4 不同地区淡色花岗岩中稀有金属元素含量平均值变化曲线图
地壳数据引自Rudnick and Gao (2014)，其他数据来源同表1
Figure 4. Curve chart of average variation of rare metal elements in leucogranites of different regions
The crustal data is quoted from Rudnick and Gao (2014); Other data from Table 1
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图 8 稀有金属元素的Rb/Sr–ΣREE判别图解
Figure 8. Discrimination diagram of Rb/Sr versus ΣREE in rare metal elements
表 1 淡色花岗岩分布及岩石化学成分
Table 1 Location and petrochemical composition of leucogranites
地理位置 岩石化学成分平均值 SiO2/% ALK/% A/
CNKTiO2/% MgO/% P2O5/% 全球花岗岩
（Le Maitre, 1976）71.30 7.75 1.04 0.31 0.17 0.12 中国花岗岩
（黎彤和饶纪龙, 1963）71.27 7.87 1.05 0.25 0.80 0.16 I−型花岗岩
（Chappell and White, 1992）69.50 6.64 0.98 0.41 1.38 0.11 S−型花岗岩
（Chappell and White, 1992）70.91 6.60 1.17 0.44 1.24 0.15 中国西部（n=633） 73.17 8.17 1.16 0.11 0.25 0.12 西北（n=34） 74.91 8.33 1.08 0.05 0.16 0.12 西南（n=599） 73.20 8.16 1.17 0.11 0.28 0.12 中国东部（n=277） 74.22 8.31 1.15 0.07 0.14 0.11 东北（n=39） 75.10 8.20 1.12 0.07 0.16 0.05 华北（n=27） 74.95 8.78 1.11 0.03 0.08 0.07 华东（n=135） 73.83 8.30 1.19 0.05 0.11 0.15 中南（n=76） 74.19 8.19 1.13 0.13 0.19 0.07 中西欧地区（n=134） 72.11 8.06 1.29 0.12 0.19 0.55 北美地区（n=91） 74.02 7.91 1.27 0.08 0.64 0.39 非洲（n=14） 74.34 7.44 1.20 0.09 0.19 0.03 印度（n=2） 73.17 8.76 1.11 0.04 0.23 0.14 日本（n=4） 74.15 8.35 1.34 0.12 0.34 0.20 
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表 2 淡色花岗岩时代及岩石化学成分
Table 2 Age and petrochemical composition of leucogranites
时代 岩石化学成分平均值 SiO2/% ALK/% A/CNK TiO2/% MgO/% P2O5/% 新生代（n=518） 73.35 8.15 1.15 0.11 0.27 0.11 中生代（n=311） 73.42 8.45 1.17 0.08 0.14 0.10 古生代（n=243） 73.04 8.10 1.25 0.10 0.30 0.41 新元古代（n=81） 75.36 7.58 1.25 0.06 0.19 0.19 古元古代（n=2） 73.50 8.28 1.20 0.05 0.14 0.17
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表 3 不同地区淡色花岗岩中稀有金属元素含量平均值
Table 3 Average content of rare metal elements in leucogranites in the different regions
地理位置 稀有金属含量/10−6 Li Be Nb Ta Zr Hf Ga Rb Sr Cs Th U W Sn 地壳 17.0 1.9 8.0 0.7 132 3.7 16 49 320 0.7 5.6 1.3 1.0 1.7 中国西部 166 27.8 12.1 3.0 58.5 2.4 24.1 321 109 25.2 8.9 6.1 3.3 17.9 中国东部 1074 56.1 39.3 19.8 66.0 4.3 26.8 872 80 215 17.4 29.9 347 37.1 北美地区 214 16.2 5.10 57.2 1.9 23.1 394 128 6.4 5.6 4.7 210 21.9 中西欧地区 1848 59.5 49.2 74.7 58.4 3.1 40.7 1291 121 160 8.3 13.5 27 544 非洲 57.5 17.1 77.8 21.5 189 97 18.5 4.0 印度 2.0 39.0 23.0 190 310 5.5 日本 3.2 1.35 32.2 124 157 2.3 4.0 注：地壳数据引自Rudnick and Gao（2014），其他数据来源同表1。
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表 4 不同时代淡色花岗岩中稀有金属元素含量平均值
Table 4 Average content of rare metal elements in leucogranites in the different ages
时代 稀有金属含量/10−6 Li Be Nb Ta Zr Hf Ga Rb Sr Cs Th U W Sn 新生代 140 12.1 10.2 2.22 62.2 2.27 24.2 289 133 21.4 9.10 5.77 1.53 11.1 中生代 924 81.5 36.0 18.1 63.9 4.11 27.8 803 85.3 194 15.7 26.1 271 41.5 古生代 1278 58.3 34.4 41.7 55.2 2.94 31.9 887 96.4 128 9.00 24.3 87.7 359 新元古代 198 1.45 20.7 7.63 52.2 2.59 20.9 458 31.0 35.9 8.76 31.4 10.6 42.1 古元古代 2.65 33.0 1.80 214 35.5 7.00 9.00 4.35 注：地壳数据引自Rudnick and Gao（2014），其他数据来源同表1。
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表 5 不同地区淡色花岗岩稀土元素含量及相关比值
Table 5 Rare earth element content and related ratios of leucogranites in the different regions
地理位置 REE/
10−6LREE/
10−6HREE/
10−6LREE/
HREELa/
YbδEu δCe 地壳 125 92.9 32.3 2.88 10.50 0.87 1.03 中国西部 82.8 57.9 24.9 3.33 19.32 0.61 1.03 中国东部 147 90.2 57.0 2.05 16.80 0.34 1.01 中西欧地区 64.2 48.2 16.0 19.20 17.40 0.66 1.35 北美地区 53.0 32.0 21.0 3.52 16.34 0.38 1.61 注：地壳数据引自Rudnick and Gao（2014），其他数据来源同表1。
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表 6 不同时代淡色花岗岩稀土元素含量及相关比值
Table 6 Rare earth element content and related ratios of leucogranites in the different ages
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