In-situ stress characteristics and fault stability analysis of hot dry rock GR2 well in Gonghe Basin
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摘要:研究目的
地应力大小和方向是干热岩开发中井位部署、压裂设计和储层评价等方面的重要基础数据，研究储层应力状态对干热岩开发具有重要意义。
研究方法本文根据区域地质构造演化、震源机制解反演结果、节理裂隙统计、原地应力实测数据分析了共和盆地区域应力场的特征，结合共和GR2地热井储层构造、地层岩性特点建立三维模型，利用正交各向异性弹性本构关系，通过数值模拟获取了共和盆地GR2井的三维地应力数据，探讨了区域构造应力场及干热岩注水开发与断层稳定性。
研究结果①模拟所得地应力分布与理论值吻合，满足初始位移精度要求，最终预估了井中地应力场分布特征；②在500~4500 m深度范围内，三向主应力总体表现为σv> σH >σh，表明该区域应力结构有利于正断层活动；③青海共和盆地最大水平主应力方向整体上呈北东（NE）向挤压变形作用为主，有利于花岗岩岩体具有低的流体渗透率、低的热流传导。④在统一的区域地应力场作用下, 研究区3900~4500 m干热岩注水开发过程中，当地面持续注入压力达到或超过约19.9 MPa 时，可能引起场区内断层的滑动失稳，导致中小地震的发生，在干热岩开发利用中需注意防范。
结论研究结果对共和盆地地球动力学研究及干热岩安全开发利用具有一定参考价值。
创新点:（1）基于地质构造演化、震源机制解反演、节理裂隙统计、地应力实测数据系统分析了共和盆地区域应力场特征；（2）采用数值模拟方法获取了干热岩GR2井地应力数据，对干热岩研究区断层的稳定性进行分析并从干热岩开发的角度定量评价了注水压力对附近断层稳定性的影响。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveThe magnitude and direction of in−situ stress are important parameters for well placement, fracturing design and reservoir evaluation in hot dry rock development. It is of great significance to study reservoir stress state for hot dry rock development.
MethodsIn this paper, the characteristics of current stress field in Gonghe Basin are analyzed based on regional geological structure evolution, focal mechanism solution and inversion results, statistics of joints and fissures, and in−situ stress measured data. Combined with the reservoir structure and stratigraphic lithofacies characteristics of GR2 well, a three−dimensional model is established, and the three−dimensional in−situ stress data of GR2 well in Gonghe Basin is obtained through numerical simulation by using orthogonal anisotropic elastic constitutive relation. The regional tectonic stress field and occurrence conditions of dry hot rock resources are discussed.
Results① The simulated stress distribution is consistent with the theoretical value, which meets the requirements of initial displacement accuracy, and finally predicts the distribution characteristics of in−situ stress field in the well. ② In the depth range of 500~4500 m, the relationship of three principal stresses is principal stress is σv>σH >σh, indicating that the stress structure in this region is favorable to normal fault activity. ③ The maximum horizontal principal stress direction of Gonghe Basin in Qinghai province is mainly NE direction compression deformation, which is conducive to low fluid permeability and low heat transfer of granite. ④ Under the action of a unified regional stress field, the faults may be come instability near the injecting well, when the continuous injection pressure on the ground reaches or exceeds about 19.9 MPa during the water injection development of 3900~4500 m depth in the study area, leading to the occurrence of medium and small earthquakes, which should be prevented in the development and utilization of the hot dry rock.
ConclusionsThis study have certain reference value for geodynamics research and the safe development and utilization of dry hot rock in Gonghe Basin.
Highlights:(1) The characteristics of regional stress field in Gonghe Basin were analyzed based on geological structure evolution, focal mechanism solution inversion, joint fracture statistics and in−situ stress measurement data. (2) The in−situ stress data of hot dry rock GR2 well were obtained by numerical simulation, the stability of faults in the study area was analyzed, and the influence of water injection pressure on the stability of nearby faults was quantitatively evaluated from the perspective of hot dry rock development.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
近年来，新疆阿尔金西段萤石找矿取得的重大突破。萤石矿主要分布于卡尔恰尔—阔什区域性大断裂（阿中断裂）以南的晚奥陶世碱长花岗岩侵入体内及其外接触带附近的富钙质岩系中，圈定了卡尔恰尔—小白河沟、盖吉克—亚干布阳、布拉克北—皮亚孜达坂、托盖里克东南—阿其克南4条沿北东向断裂分布的萤石矿带，整个远景区CaF2资源量已达3500万t以上。中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心于2021—2023年对阿尔金西段小白河沟—克鲁求干道班一带开展了矿产调查评价，在小白河沟地区新发现热液充填型萤石矿产地1处，估算萤石的潜在资源达大型规模，对于拓展阿尔金地区萤石矿床具有借鉴意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
在对小白河沟地区以往地物化遥成果资料综合研究基础上，结合本次遥感蚀变异常提取和构造解译圈定了重点工作区，通过开展1∶10000地质草测、1∶10000岩石地球化学剖面测量、1∶500地质剖面测量、槽探及钻探等工作，在小白河沟共圈定萤石矿体21条，实现了找矿突破。通过典型矿床对比，总结了区内萤石矿成矿规律，初步建立了找矿模式，分析了区域萤石成矿潜力及找矿前景。
3. 研究结果（Results）
研究区出露地层基底主要为古元古界阿尔金岩群a岩组和b岩组，二者呈构造面理接触关系。阿尔金岩群a岩组为萤石主要赋矿地层，该岩组出露的岩石类型主要为黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云二长片麻岩、斜长变粒岩、石英岩、大理岩，局部夹有角闪斜长片麻岩（图1b）。区内断裂较为发育，期次较多，主要呈北北东向、北东向、南东东向，南东东向断裂主要与区内的萤石矿化关系密切。地层中岩脉极为发育，在接触带可见岩石具萤石化、钾长石化、碳酸盐化、绿帘石化、硅化等围岩蚀变。
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图 1 区域构造位置图（a）、矿区地质简图（b）、勘探线剖面图（c）及萤石矿岩心（d）Figure 1. Regional structure location map (a), brief geological diagram of ore district (b), prospecting line profile map (c) and cores specimen of fluorite deposit (d)在小白河沟共圈定萤石矿体21条（图1c），长100~1130 m，厚度0.7~4.68 m，矿体沿走向延续性较好，沿倾向呈透镜体状，断续产出，斜切岩体和变质岩，有“膨大缩小”变化，部分呈“透镜体”、“扁豆体”断续分布，主矿体旁侧发育少数分枝。矿体品位23.2%~82.4%，平均品位32.2%，钻孔深部验证效果良好。矿石主要以块状、纹层状为主，主要矿物为萤石，局部发育方解石、带云母和少量石英。萤石以紫色、紫黑色为主，少量呈白色或绿色，具粗晶结构、自形—半自形及他形粒状结构。矿石工业类型主要是CaF2型、CaF2–CaCO3型。围岩蚀变以碳酸盐化、带云母化、钾化、黄铁矿化、绿帘石化、角闪石化等为主。初步估算CaF2资源量117.42万t，具大型萤石矿床远景。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）小白河沟萤石矿是阿尔金西段萤石找矿新发现，这一发现拓展了区内萤石矿向西延伸的空间，同时本次工作区内多数矿体走向和深部延伸均未封边，仍具有较大找矿潜力。
（2）本工作发现了品位较富的大型萤石矿，拓宽了区域找矿思路，具有重要借鉴意义，同时为阿尔金瓦石峡南—卡尔恰尔萤石锂大型资源基地建设提供了有力支撑。
5. 基金项目（Fund support）
本文为中国地质调查局项目（DD20190143、DD20211551、DD20243309）、陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2023−JC−YB−241）、中国地质调查局自然资源综合调查指挥中心科技创新基金项目（KC20230011）联合资助的成果。
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图 1 共和盆地地质构造简图（据王二七等，2009修改）
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the geological structure of the Gonghe Basin (modified from Wang Erqi et al.，2009)
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图 2 基于裂隙统计的共和干热岩区地应力方向投影图（据雷治红，2020修改）
Figure 2. Direction projection map of in−situ stress in hot and dry rock area of Gonghe Basin based on fracture statistics (modified from Lei Zhihong, 2020)
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图 3 共和盆地干热岩区最大水平主应力方位（据王洪等，2021修改）a—水压致裂法；b—应力解除法
Figure 3. Orientation of maximum horizontal principal stress in hot dry rock area of Gonghe Basin (modified from Wang Hong, 2021). (a) HF method; (b) Stress relief method.
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图 4 共和盆地震源分布图(a)（据雷治红，2020修改）和震源机制综合解(b)
Figure 4. Seismic source distribution map of Gonghe Basin (a) (modified from Lei Zhihong, 2020) and the focal mechanism synthesis solution (b)
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图 5 干热岩研究区三维有限元网格模型
Figure 5. Diagram of the 3D finite element mesh model of the hot dry rock study area
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图 6 干热岩研究区三维主应力云图
a—最大主应力云图；b—中间主应力云图；c—最小主应力云图
Figure 6. 3D principal stress Nephogram of the hot dry rock study area
a–Nephogram of maximum principal stress; b–Nephogram of intermediate principal stress; c– Nephogram of minor principal stress
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图 7 干热岩GR2井位移、地应力模拟结果图
a—Z向位移云图；b—GR2井地应力随孔深分布图
Figure 7. Displacement and is−situ stress simulation results diagram in hot dry rock GR2 well
a–Nephogram of Z−direction displacement; b–Variations of stresses with the depth of GR2 well
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图 8 库伦破坏准则有效应力莫尔圆示意图
Figure 8. Mohrcircle of effective principal stress expressing Coulomb’s failure criterion
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图 9 干热岩区断层活动性分析莫尔圆
a—基于地应力的莫尔圆断层活动性分析；b—GR2井在4500 m处断层随孔隙压力的增加可能导致不稳定
Figure 9. Mohr circle of effective principal stress expressing Coulomb’s failure criterion in hot dry rock region
a−Mohr circle based on in−situ stress data for activity analysis of faults；b−The faults may lead to instability with the depth of 4500 m of GR2 well with the increase of pore pressure
表 1 共和干热岩分布区节理裂隙主应力方向统计表
Table 1 Statistics of principal stress direction of joints and fractures in hot dry rock area of Gonghe Basin
位置 经度/° 纬度/° 最大主应力/° 岩性露头 达连海 100.41 36.23 NE 85 临夏组泥岩 千卜禄寺 100.46 36.39 NE 60 印支期花岗岩 沟后 100.58 36.39 NE 62 印支期花岗岩 阿乙亥 100.68 36.21 NE 73 共合组砂岩 龙羊峡 100.90 36.15 NE 75 印支期花岗岩 土林 100.83 36.21 NE 70 临夏组泥岩 党家寺 100.85 36.29 NE 72 印支期花岗岩 
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表 2 干热岩GR2井岩层类别及岩层力学参数
Table 2 Rock stratum category and rock mechanics parameters of hot dry rock GR2 well
岩性 深度/m 密度/(kN/m3) 泊松比 弹性模量/GPa μx μy μz Gxy Gyz Gxz 泥岩 945 22000 0.238 0.238 0.238 7.51 7.51 7.51 砂岩 1000 23650 0.240 0.240 0.240 14.85 14.85 14.85 二长花岗岩 1395 25770 0.253 0.253 0.253 35.44 35.44 35.44 黑云母花岗岩 1600 25810 0.255 0.255 0.255 42.15 42.15 42.15 花岗闪长岩 1800 26850 0.264 0.264 0.264 43.15 43.15 43.15 二长花岗斑岩 1920 26820 0.258 0.258 0.258 46.56 46.56 46.56 黑云母花岗岩 2350 27560 0.274 0.274 0.274 40.25 40.25 40.25 二长花岗岩 2600 27860 0.269 0.269 0.269 42.36 42.36 42.36 黑云母二长花岗岩 4000 27960 0.271 0.271 0.271 41.28 41.28 41.28
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表 3 干热岩地热井地应力数值模拟值对比表
Table 3 Comparison of stress field numerical simulation values in geothermal wells of dry hot rock
深度/m 井名 σv/MPa 相对误差 σH/MPa 相对误差 σh/MPa 相对误差 3000 GR2 77 3.75% 61 15% 54 6.8% GR1 80 72 58 3500 GR2 92 3.15% 72 16.2% 63 7.3% GR1 95 86 68 4000 GR2 104 3.7% 83 15.3% 72 5.3% GR1 108 98 76
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