Origin types, metallogenic regularity and prospecting direction of phosphate deposits in China
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摘要:研究目的
中国是世界磷矿资源大国，也是需求大国，2016年磷矿被纳入中国关键性矿产目录。随着对磷肥的需求日益增加、越来越多矿山的资源日趋枯竭，急需加大磷矿资源的地质找矿和勘查开发，而成矿规律研究是资源勘查开发的重要基础。
研究方法本文在前人工作基础上，进一步对中国磷矿资源开发利用现状、矿床类型、时空分布规律及找矿方向等进行分析与归纳，初步总结中国磷矿成矿规律及重点找矿方向。
研究结果中国磷矿资源丰富，但资源分布极不均匀，主要集中在云南、贵州、四川和湖北4省。依据成矿作用类型将中国磷矿划分为岩浆岩型、变质型、沉积型、次生型和鸟粪型磷矿床五大类；中国磷矿成矿时代广泛，但主要产磷时期为早寒武世梅树村期、晚震旦世陡山沱期、古元古代锦屏期。按照《中国成矿区带划分方案》，可将中国磷矿划分为27个Ⅲ级成矿区带，4个成矿亚带，其中滇东—川西南成矿带、大巴山—鄂西成矿带、湘黔成矿带为中国主要磷矿成矿带。重要找矿地区为云、贵、川、湘、鄂西以及北方部分地区，南方磷矿资源以沉积型磷矿床为主；北方磷矿以岩浆岩型为主，主要分布在河北和新疆等省份。
结论磷关乎农业粮食安全、新能源及医疗等重要产业供应链安全稳定，作为人口大国的中国，对于磷化学品的需求量较大，面对中国磷矿分布不均匀及磷矿开采过度等问题，应加强对磷矿资源的调查研究及资源的高效综合利用研究，保障国内磷化产品供给及环境安全，推进资源的可持续发展。
创新点:对中国磷矿成因分类、时空分布规律进行概述，总结磷矿成矿规律，对中国重要磷矿找矿地区进行总结。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveChina is a major country in terms of phosphate resources and major consumer. In 2016, phosphorus ore was included in the Catalogue of Key Mineral Resources in China. With the increasing demand for phosphorus fertilizer and the depletion of resources in more and more mines, it is urgently necessary to enhance geological prospecting and exploration development of phosphate resources. The study of mineralization regularities serves as an important foundation for resource exploration and development.
MethodsBuilding upon previous research, this article further analyzes and summarizes the current status of phosphate development and utilization, types of deposits, spatiotemporal distribution patterns, and prospecting directions in China. It provides a preliminary summary of the mineralization regularities and key prospecting directions for phosphorus ore in China.
ResultsChina possesses abundant phosphate resources, but their distribution is highly uneven, primarily concentrated in four provinces: Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hubei. Based on the types of mineralization processes, Chinese phosphate can be classified into five categories: magmatic rock−type, metamorphic−type, sedimentary−type, secondary−type, and guano−type deposits. The mineralization epochs of phosphate in China are extensive, with the major phosphate−bearing periods being the Meishucun period of Early Cambrian, the Duoshantuo period of Late Ediacaran, and the Jinping period of Paleoproterozoic. According to the "Division Scheme of Metallogenic Belts in China," Chinese phosphate can be divided into 27 third−level metallogenic belts and four metallogenic sub−belts. Among them, the Dianzhong−Southwestern Sichuan Metallogenic Belt, the Daba Mountains−Western Hubei Metallogenic Belt, and the Xiang−Qian Metallogenic Belt are the main phosphate metallogenic belts in China. Important prospecting areas include Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Western Hubei, and some regions in northern China. Southern phosphate resources are mainly sedimentary−type deposits, while northern phosphate resources are predominantly magmatic rock−type deposits, primarily distributed in Hebei and Xinjiang provinces.
ConclusionsPhosphorus is crucial for agricultural food security, as well as for important industries such as new energy and healthcare. As a populous nation, China has a significant demand for phosphorus chemicals. In the face of uneven distribution of phosphate and issues related to excessive mining, it is necessary to strengthen the investigation and research on phosphate resources, as well as study the efficient comprehensive utilization of these resources. This will ensure the stable supply of domestic phosphorus products and environmental safety, while promoting the sustainable development of resources.
Highlights:Origin types, metallogenic regularity and important phosphate prospecting areas of phosphate in China were summarizeel.
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图 1 世界2008—2021年各国磷矿资源储量变化（据自然资源部，2022；U. S. Geological Survey, 2023）
Figure 1. Global phosphate resource reserves change by country from 2008 to 2021（after Ministry of Natural Resources, 2022; U. S. Geological Survey, 2023）
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图 2 世界磷矿床分布图（据Peir et al., 2017；吴发富等，2021）
Figure 2. Distribution of global phosphate deposits (after Peir et al., 2017;Wu Fafu et al., 2021)
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图 3 中国2021年各省（区）磷矿储量占比（据自然资源部，2022）
Figure 3. Proportion of phosphate reserves in each province (region) in China in 2021 (Ministry of Natural Resources, 2022)
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图 4 中国磷矿分布及Ⅲ级成矿区带划分（据韩豫川等，2012; 王莹等，2022修改）
1—二级成矿区带界线；2—三级成矿区带界线及编号；3—（四川、华南）泥盆纪沉积磷矿（什邡式）；4—（西北）寒武纪磷矿（平台山式）；5—（华北）寒武纪磷矿（辛集式）；6—（南方）寒武纪磷矿（昆阳式、汉源式、大茅式）；7—（秦岭造山带）沉积磷矿（天台山式）；8—（上扬子）震旦纪磷矿（荆襄式、开阳式、新华式）；9—（下扬子）震旦纪磷矿（东溪式、朝阳式）；10—沉积变质磷矿（海州式、勿兰乌苏式）；11—岩浆岩型磷矿（右所堡式、且干布拉克式、矾山式）
Figure 4. Distribution of phosphate and division of grade III mineralization zone in China (modified from Han Yuchuan et al., 2012; Wang Ying et al., 2022)
1–Ⅱ metallogenic zone boundary; 2–Ⅲ metallogenic zone boundary and numbering; 3–Devonian sedimentary phosphate deposit (Shifang type) in Sichuan and South China; 4–(Northwest) Cambrian phosphate deposit (Pingtaishan type); 5–(North China) Cambrian phosphate deposit (Xinji type); 6–(South) Cambrian phosphate deposit (Kunyang type, Hanyuan type, Damao type); 7–(Qinling orogenic belt) sedimentary phosphate deposit (Tiantaishan type); 8–(Upper Yangtze) Cambrian phosphate deposit (Jingxiang type, Kaiyang type, Xinhua type); 9–(Lower Yangtze) Sinian phosphate deposit (Dongxi type, Chaoyang type); 10–Sedimentary metamorphic phosphate deposit (Haizhou type, Belanwusu type); 11–Magmatic phosphate deposit (Yousuopu type, Qieganbulake type, Fanshan type)
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图 5 西南地区磷矿找矿远景图（据秦建华和刘才泽，2016修改）
ⅢP-73-1—旺苍—南江远景区；ⅢP-73-2—万源—巫溪远景区；ⅢP-73-3—绵竹—什邡远景区；ⅢP-77-1—峨边-汉源远景区；ⅢP-77-2—渝南—黔北远景区；ⅢP-77-3—马边—雷波远景区；ⅢP-77-4—金沙—遵义远景区；ⅢP-77-5—开阳—瓮安远景区；ⅢP-77-6—织金—清镇远景区；ⅢP-77-7—会泽—宜良远景区；ⅢP-77-8—丹寨—麻江远景区；ⅢP-76-1—甘洛—越西远景区；ⅢP-76-2—会东—华宁远景区；ⅢP-12-1—右边海槽远景区；ⅢP-13-1—蒙自—屏边远景区
Figure 5. Phosphate prospecting in southwest China (modified from Qin Jianhua and Liu Caize, 2016)
ⅢP-73-1–Wangcang−Nanjiang prediction area; ⅢP-73-2–Wanyuan−Wuxi prediction area; ⅢP-73-3–Mianzhu−Shifang prediction area; ⅢP-77-1–Ebian−Hanyuan prediction area; ⅢP-77-2–Yunan−Qianbei prediction area; ⅢP-77-3–Mabian−Leibo prediction area; ⅢP-77-4–Jinsha−Zunyi prediction area; ⅢP-77-5–Kaiyang−Weng'an prediction area; ⅢP-77-6.Zhijin−Qingzhen prediction area; ⅢP-77-7.Huize−Yiliang prediction area; ⅢP-77-8–Danzhai−Majiang prediction area; ⅢP-76-1–Ganluo−Yuexi prediction area; ⅢP-76-2–Huidong−Huaning prediction area; ⅢP-12-1–Right Trough prediction area; ⅢP-13-1–Mengzi−Pingbian prediction area
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图 6 湖南省磷矿找矿远景图（据贾宝华等，2019改）
Figure 6. Phosphate prospecting in Hunan Province (modified from Jia Baohua et al., 2019)
表 1 中国2021年各省（区）磷矿储量（据自然资源部，2022）
Table 1 Phosphate reserves in China's provinces (regions) in 2021 (Ministry of Natural Resources, 2022)
省份/地区 储量/亿t 占比/% 云南 15.03 40 湖北 7.81 20.8 四川 7.1 18.9 贵州 5.22 13.9 其他省份 2.39 6.4 总量 37.55 100 
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表 2 世界磷矿重点区域采选指标统计（据张亮等，2017）
Table 2 Statistics of the mining and dressing indexes of the key phosphate areas in the world (after Zhang Liang et al., 2017)
地区 入选P2O5品位/% 精矿P2O5品位/% 选矿回收率/% 露采回采率/% 地采回采率/% 美国东南部 10.9 30.4 79 50~95 65~85 美国西部 22.2 31.2 71.3 南非 9.6 33.8 58.6 北非 26 32.2 69.8 西非 27.1 33.3 40.5 中东 24.7 31.4 71.4 南美 9.6 33.8 58.6 中国 19.4 29.2 89.97 世界加权平均 19.61 30.2 63.01 50~95 65~85
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表 3 中国磷矿床分类（据韩豫川等，2012；夏学惠和郝尔宏，2012）
Table 3 Classification of phosphate deposits in China（after Han Yuchuan et al., 2012; Xia Xuehui and Hao Erhong, 2012）
大类 亚类 成矿时代 种类 地质分布 典型矿床 岩浆岩型磷矿床 超基性—碱性岩型 印支期
2.36 Ma矾山式 华北地块北缘 矾山、姚家庄、枣庄沙沟 燕辽沉降带 超基性—碳酸岩型 8.62~9 Ma 且干布拉克式 塔里木地块北缘 且干布拉克、蓟县马伸桥 华北地块北缘 碱性岩型 辽宁、山西 辽宁风城施家堡、山西紫金山 碳酸性型 白云鄂博式 内蒙、新疆 白云鄂博、瓦吉尔塔格 超基性岩型 卡乌留克塔格式 塔里木地块北缘 小张家口、卡乌留克塔格、团结村北山、陕西凤县九子沟、青海上庄、栖霞观里 华北地块北缘 基性岩型 6.2 Ma 马营式 华北地块北缘 马营、黑山、大庙、大西沟 塔里木地块北缘 伟晶岩型 右所堡式 华北地块河北、内蒙 内蒙卓资、丰镇、河北右所堡、山西天镇 变质型磷矿 绿岩带型 太古宙 招兵沟式 华北古陆核
山东古陆核丰宁招兵沟、山东莱芜雪野、掖县彭家、山西灵丘 太古宙 勿兰乌苏式 辽吉古陆核 建平县勿兰乌苏 变质混合岩型 古元古代 麻山式 佳木斯地块 黑龙江鸡西麻山、林口余庆 沉积变质岩型 元古宙 海州式 华北地块东缘 海州、宿松、肥东、黄麦岭、甜水、浑江板石沟 元古宙 布龙土式 华北地块北缘 内蒙古布龙土 元古宙 罗屯式 华北地块北缘 辽宁罗屯、仰山、河北东焦 中元古宙 东焦式 华北地块中部 河北获鹿东郊、乎山 沉积型磷矿床 震旦纪海相沉积岩型 震旦纪陡山沱期 开阳式 扬子地块西南缘 开阳、瓮安、福泉与丹寨 震旦纪陡山沱期 荆襄式 扬子地块南缘 神农架、房县、保康、兴山、秭归、宜昌 震旦纪陡山沱期 石门式 扬子地块南缘 湘西北、东山峰背斜构造两翼 震旦纪陡山沱期 湘西式 杨子地块南缘 西部古丈、泸溪、辰溪 寒武纪海相沉积岩型 早寒武世梅树村期 昆阳式 扬子地块西缘 云南昆阳、海口、滇东地区 早寒武世梅树村期 马边式 扬子地块西缘 雷波牛寨、马颈子、川西 早寒武世梅树村期 天台山式 扬子地块西缘南北两端 汉中天台山、金家河、迭部当多、文县关家沟 早寒武世梅树村期 新华式 扬子地块南部被动边缘 织金新华磷（稀土）矿 早寒武世梅树村期 辛集式 扬子地块东缘与西北缘 河南鲁山辛集、宁夏贺兰苏峪口、山西芮城水峪、甘肃马房子沟、安徽风台、山西永济清华、陕西景福山 早寒武世梅树村期 平台山式 塔里木地块北缘 精河科古尔琴、尉犁西山布拉克、哈密平台山、敦煌方山口、柯坪、库鲁克塔格 早寒武世筇竹寺期 汉源式 扬子地块西北缘及东缘 汉源椅子山、水桶沟 早寒武世荷塘期 东溪式 浙江、江西及相邻地区 浙江东溪、夏禹桥、万市 中寒武世 大茅式 三亚被动陆缘 海南大茅 泥盆纪海相沉积岩型 泥盆纪什邡期 什邡式 龙门山前陆
逆冲带四川绵竹马槽滩、广西德保、都安、云南广南布达、西藏纳多俄玛、新疆五工河 次生磷矿床 风化—淋滤
残积型黄荆坪式 湖南湘潭黄荆坪 洞穴堆积型 天等式 广西邑隆、天等、风山、柳江福塘、象州马坪、广东翁源 鸟粪型磷矿 西沙群岛式 南海岛屿 西沙群岛
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表 4 中国磷矿Ⅲ级成矿区（带）划分（据韩豫川等，2012;王莹等，2022）
Table 4 Table of phosphate III mineralization zone division in China（after Han Yuchuan et al., 2012;Wang Ying et al., 2022）
成矿域 成矿省 磷成矿带 磷成矿亚带 典型矿床 全国Ⅲ级
成矿区带编号编号 名称 编号 名称 编号 名称 编号 名称 Ⅰ-4 滨太平洋
成矿域Ⅱ-14 吉黑成矿省 ⅢP-1 佳木斯—兴凯成矿带 柳毛 Ⅲ-53 Ⅰ-1 古亚洲
成矿域Ⅱ-3 伊犁成矿省 ⅢP-2 伊犁成矿带 科古尔琴 Ⅲ-9-② Ⅱ-4 塔里木成矿省 ⅢP-3 柯坪成矿区 苏盖特布拉克 Ⅲ-13-① ⅢP-4 库鲁克塔格成矿区 且干布拉克、木穷库杜克 Ⅲ-13-② ⅢP-5 北山成矿带 方山口、平台山 Ⅲ-14-① Ⅱ-5 华北陆块成矿省 ⅢP-6 龙首山成矿带 马房子沟、哈马胡头沟 Ⅲ-18 Ⅰ-4 滨太平洋
成矿域ⅢP-7 贺兰山—六盘山成矿带 苏峪口、景福山 Ⅲ-59 ⅢP-8 阴山成矿带 布龙土 Ⅲ-58-① ⅢP-9 张家口—承德成矿带 矾山、右所堡、罗锅子沟 Ⅲ-57-①、Ⅲ-57-② ⅢP-10 冀东—辽西成矿带 葛家、勿兰乌苏、簸箕山 Ⅲ-57-③、Ⅲ-57-④ ⅢP-11 辽东成矿带 甜水、罗屯、水洞、大顶子 Ⅲ-56 ⅢP-12 五台山成矿带 平型关、朴子沟、白家山 Ⅲ-61-① ⅢP-13 华北陆块南缘成矿带 靖家山、石梯 Ⅲ-63 Ⅱ-8 秦岭—大别成矿省 ⅢP-14 南秦岭成矿带 天台山、阳平关、金家河、赵家峡 Ⅲ-66-② ⅢP-15 桐柏—大别成矿带 黄麦岭、宿松 Ⅲ-67-① ⅢP-16 苏鲁成矿带 大横山、锦屏、新浦 Ⅲ-67-② Ⅱ-15 扬子成矿省 ⅢP-17 龙门山成矿带 马槽滩、岳家山、王家坪 Ⅲ-73-① ⅢP-18 大巴山—鄂西成矿带 ⅢP-18-① 大巴山
成矿亚带朱家坝、杨家坝 Ⅲ-73-① ⅢP-18-② 鄂西成矿亚带 保康、荆襄、宜昌、兴—神 Ⅲ-73-① ⅢP-19 滇东—川西南成矿带 昆阳、晋宁、马边 Ⅲ-77-②、Ⅲ-76-① ⅢP-20 湘黔成矿带 ⅢP-20-① 湘西北—黔中成矿亚带 开阳、瓮福、鹤峰、新华、东山峰 Ⅲ-77-① ⅢP-20-② 湘西成矿亚带 洗溪、张家滩、浦市 Ⅲ-77-①、Ⅲ-78 ⅢP-21 桂北—湘中成矿带 浦市 Ⅲ-78 ⅢP-22 湘东成矿带 永和、麻田、黄荆坪 Ⅲ-70 ⅢP-23 浙西—赣东北成矿带 朝阳、前村、东溪 Ⅲ-71-③ Ⅱ-16 华南成矿省 ⅢP-24 桂西成矿带 把荷 Ⅲ-88 ⅢP-25 南岭西段成矿带 上草 Ⅲ-83-③ ⅢP-26 云开成矿带 湖村、小竹 Ⅲ-85-① ⅢP-27 海南成矿带 大茅 Ⅲ-90
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表 5 中国磷矿重要找矿地区远景区一览（据秦建华和刘才泽，2016;贾宝华等，2019;杨泰等，2023）
Table 5 List of important prospecting areas for phosphate in China (modified from Qin Jianhua and Liu Caize, 2016; Jia Baohua et al., 2019; Yang Tai et al., 2023)
地区 远景区名称 最小预测区名称 备注 Ⅲ级成矿带 西南地区 会东—华宁 重要 滇东—川西南成矿带 峨边—汉源 重要 马边—雷波 重要 甘洛—越西 会泽—宜良 丹寨—麻江 湘黔成矿带 金沙—遵义 开阳—瓮安 重要 织金—清镇 重要 渝黔—黔北 蒙自—屏边 龙门山成矿带 右江海曹 绵竹—什邡 重要 旺苍—南江 大巴山—鄂西成矿带 万源—巫溪 湖北省 兴—神—保 湖北省保康县堰边上矿区 重要 湖北省保康县白水河矿区 湖北省保康县桥沟矿区 湖北省保康县竹园沟矿区 湖北省兴山县瓦屋磷矿区Ⅳ矿段 湖北省神农架林区宋洛石家河矿段 宜昌 湖北省宜昌磷矿黑良山矿区 重要 湖北省远安县杨柳矿区 湖北省远安县莲花矿区 荆襄 湖北省钟祥市胡集矿区莲花山矿段 重要 东山峰 湖北省鹤峰县走马矿区王家湾矿段 重要 湘黔成矿带 湖北省鹤峰县白果坪矿区 湖南省 湖南省石门县东山峰磷矿杨家坪矿区 石门县东山峰磷矿鼓罗坪矿区 石门县东山峰磷矿大成湾坪矿区 石门县东山峰磷矿清官渡矿区 石门县东山峰磷矿板桥矿区 石门县东山峰磷矿枫箱坡矿区 大庸—泸溪 泸溪县洗溪磷矿 重要 永和 浏阳市永和磷矿马鞍山—樟树冲矿段 重要 浏阳市永和磷矿金狮冲矿段 黄荆坪 湘潭县黄荆坪磷矿区 麻田 长沙县麻田区磷矿莲花塘矿段 华北地区 内蒙古布龙图—百灵庙 阴山成矿带 河南省嵩县—汝阳—确山一带 重要 华北陆块南缘成矿带 河南省荆紫关—师岗一带 河北省丰宁 重要 张家口—承德成矿带 河北省大庙 重要 山西省芮城 五台山成矿带 天津市马伸桥 — 库鲁克塔格 库鲁克塔格远景区 卡乌留克塔格铁磷矿 重要 库鲁克塔格成矿带 奥尔塘铁磷矿 大西沟铁磷矿
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表 6 中国磷矿重要找矿远景区1000 m埋深以浅潜在资源（据韩豫川等，2012）
Table 6 China's phosphate ore important prospecting area 1000m buried deep to shallow potential resources（after Han Yuchuan et al., 2012）
成矿省 磷成矿区带 重要找矿远景区 潜在资源量/亿t 塔里木成矿省 库鲁克塔格成矿带 库鲁克塔格 2.6 华北陆块成矿省 张家口—承德成矿带 张家口—承德 0.5 秦岭—大别山成矿省 南秦岭成矿带 略阳 0.5 苏鲁成矿带 海州 2.9 扬子成块省 龙门山成矿带 绵阳—什邡 1.9 大巴山—鄂西成矿带 神农架—宜昌 32.8 滇东—川南成矿带 川西南—滇东北 138.9 滇池—抚仙湖 54.4 湘黔成矿带 东山峰 21.4 吉首—怀化 10.3 开阳—瓮安 30.4 清镇—织金 3.5
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