Distribution characteristics, genesis types, current status of resource application of barite deposits in China and its prospects
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摘要:研究目的
重晶石作为中国优势矿种，存在开发利用率低等问题。为保障中国重晶石资源安全， 寻找更多的重晶石资源，本文对支撑石油勘探工业发展和拓宽应用领域具有重要意义。
研究方法本文总结了重晶石的成矿时代、成矿特征、矿床成因类型和成矿物质来源，系统梳理了中国重晶石的分布情况、资源现状以及应用情况，为我国今后对重晶石的开采和应用方面提供了参考。
研究结果中国重晶石矿床的成因类型可分为沉积型、火山沉积型、热液型、层控热液型、风化残坡积型。根据成矿流体来源重晶石可分为海底热液重晶石和生物重晶石这两个端元。全球重晶石已探明储量大约7.4亿t，中国有贵州、广西、湖南和福建等26个省份产出重晶石，作为我国关键矿产之一，是全世界第二大生产国，品位高且出口量大，被广泛应用于油气工业、高新材料、医疗、军事和环保等领域。
结论中国重晶石矿床主要形成于古生代和中生代的江南地区、秦岭地区和黔—桂地区，且以沉积型矿床为主。重晶石成矿流体来源类型繁多，通过地球化学标志可判断出成矿物质来源于海底热液，而通过生物标志性化合物和偏重的硫同位素可得出生物成因结论。重晶石作为重要的高新材料之一，在未来集约化、高效和绿色的产业发展机制中，需注重提高重晶石的精深加工水平、发展战略性新兴产业和拓宽重晶石的应用领域。中国重晶石矿找矿远景应着重加强寻找扬子地台南缘的超大型和大型重晶石矿点、对类似于甘青宁重晶石成矿区等低品位重晶石矿和伴生重晶石矿床的寻找也不容忽视，以及不断探索开发华北和新疆等地区，去寻找更丰富的重晶石资源。
创新点:（1）总结了中国重晶石矿床的成因类型、成矿特征、成矿背景等方面；（2）分析了目前我国重晶石的资源现状以及应用情况，以及找矿潜力和开发利用方向，提高重晶石资源的综合利用率。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveBarite, as a dominant mineral resource in China, faces challenges such as low utilization efficiency. To ensure the security of China's barite resources, it is essential to further explore and develop barite reserves. This effort is of significant importance for supporting the development of the petroleum exploration industry and broadening its application fields.
MethodsThis paper summarizes the metallogenic epochs, characteristics, genetic types, and material sources of barite deposits. Meanwhile, it systematically reviews the distribution, resource status, and applications of barite in China. This work provides a reference for future mining and application of barium sulfate in China.
ResultsThe genetic types of barite deposits in China can be classified into sedimentary, volcanic-sedimentary, hydrothermal, stratified hydrothermal, and weathering residual-slope accumulation types. Based on the sources of metallogenic fluids, barite can be divided into two end−members: submarine hydrothermal barite and biogenic barite. Globally, the proven reserves of barite are approximately 740 million tons. In China, barite is produced in 26 provinces, including Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, and Fujian. As one of China's critical minerals, it ranks as the world's second−largest producer, characterized by high−grade deposits and significant export volumes. Barite is widely used in various fields such as the oil and gas industry, advanced materials, medical treatment, military, and environmental protection sectors.
ConclusionsBarite deposits in China primarily formed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, with key regions including the Jiangnan, Qinling, and Guizhou−Guangxi areas, dominated by sedimentary−type deposits. The sources of barite metallogenic fluids for barite are diverse. Geochemical signatures indicate that the metallogenic materials originate from submarine hydrothermal fluids, while biomarker compounds and heavier sulfur isotopes indicate a biogenic origin. As one of the crucial advanced materials, barite requires a focus on enhancing its deep processing capabilities, developing its strategic emerging industries, and expanding its application fields within the framework of future intensive, efficient, and green industrial development mechanisms. The future prospecting potential for barite in China should focus on the following aspects to discover more abundant barite resources: Firstly, emphasis should be placed on exploring super−large and large barite deposits in the southern margin of the Yangtze Platform. Secondly, the exploration of low−grade barite deposits and associated barite deposits, similar to those in the Gansu−Qinghai−Ningxia barite metallogenic region, should not be overlooked. Finally, continuous exploration and development in regions such as North China and Xinjiang.
Highlights:(1) This study summarized the genetic type, metallogenic characteristics, and metallogenic background of barite ore; (2) We analyzeel the current resource status and application of barite in China, as well as the potential for finding minerals and the direction of development and utilization, and improved the comprehensive utilization rate of barite resources.
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1 ❶ USGS. 2023. Minerals Commodity Summaries[R]. Reston, Virginia, United States Geological Survey.2 ❷自然资源部信息中心 .2022. 中国矿产资源储量（2022）[R].3 ❸中国海关总署.(2022).中国海关进出口数据[数据集].取自http://www.customs.gov.cn -
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图 1 中国重晶石矿床主要形成时代及不同地层储量占比直方图（据Li et al., 2023）
Figure 1. Histogram of major metallogenic age of barite deposits in China and the percentage of reserves in each stratum (after Li et al., 2023)
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图 2 中国南方重晶石矿分布图（据李文炎和余洪云，1991; Wang and Li，1991; 宣之强，1999; 李春阳等，2010）
Figure 2. Distribution of barite mines in the South China (after Li Wenyan and Yu Hongyun，1991; Wang and Li，1991; Xuan Zhiqiang，1999; Li Chunyang et al.，2010)
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图 3 典型重晶石矿成矿模式图
a—沉积型（据田升平等, 2014）；b—火山沉积型（据田江涛等, 2017）；c—热液型（据田升平等, 2014）；d—风化残坡积型（据田升平等, 2014）；e—层控热液型（据何钦和张扬, 2018）
Figure 3. Map of typical barite metallogenic model
a–Sedimentary type (after Tian Shengping, 2014); b–Volcanic−sedimentary type (after Tian Jiangtao et al., 2017); c–Hydrothermal type (after Tian Shengping, 2014); d–Weathering residual slope type (after Tian Shengping, 2014); e–Stratified hydrothermal type (after He Qin and Zhang Yang, 2018)
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图 4 成矿流体来源模型
a—热液模型；b—生物模型(据Jewell and Stallard, 1991; Koski and Hein, 2004; 昝博文等, 2017)
Figure 4. Source model of ore-forming fluid
a–Hydrothermal model; b–Biological model (after Jewell and Stallard, 1991; Koski and Hein, 2004; Zan Bowen et al., 2017).
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表 1 中国一些典型重晶石矿床中重晶石及其伴生矿物的Sr、S、C、O同位素组成
Table 1 Sr, S, C, O isotopic compositions of barite and its associated minerals in some typical barite deposits in China
矿区 测试矿物类型 87Sr/86Sr δ34S /‰ δ18O/‰ δ13C/‰ 数据来源 平利县神仙台 重晶石，白云石 0.707556~
0.70815520.6~24.8 20.6~24.8 Xu et al., 2016 湖北赤炎 重晶石、毒重石 0.708459~
0.70878043.7~48.3 18.7~24.2 Xu et al., 2016 湖北竹山县文峪河 重晶石、毒重石、钡方解石 26.2~30.5 9.9~15.3 −20.4~−13.9 石龙, 2007 陕西紫阳黄柏树湾 毒重石、钡方解石 0.708272~
0.70886916.5~21.6 −16.6~−11.6 Lu et al., 2003 重庆市城口巴山 重晶石、毒重石、钡方解石 0.708266~
0.70850429.8~37.0 12.8~19.1 −18.9~−10.8 范德廉等, 2004 山西柳林 重晶石 31.8~40.1 Wang and Li, 1991 贵州镇宁 重晶石 0.70863~
0.70898高军波等, 2012 贵州天柱大河边 重晶石 0.708310~
0.70896729.5~57.4 16.7~18 夏菲等, 2004;
Johnson et al., 2009;
Han et al., 2015;
温汉捷等, 2017贵州施秉县顶罐坡重晶石矿床 重晶石 16.13~
28.82李春阳等, 2010 湖北柳林重晶石矿 重晶石 0.708570~
0.708810方旭等, 2013 鄂西地区南庄坪 重晶石 23~36 何钦和张扬, 2018 陕西安康 重晶石、毒重石 0.708027~
0.70844730.5~54.2 9.9~18 −27.3~−11.8 叶连俊, 1998 ; Wu et al., 2015 广西象州 重晶石、白云石 11.77~30.09 贺胜辉等, 2014 湖南新晃 重晶石 33.04~41.02 彭军等, 1999; 孙学通, 2004 陕西略阳东沟坝 重晶石 16.9~20.3 汪东波和李树新, 1991 
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表 2 2022年全球重晶石产量（数据来源：USGS，2023
1 ）Table 2 Global barite production 2022 (Data source: USGS, 2023
1 )国家 重晶石产量/kt 中国 1900 印度 2600 伊朗 220 哈萨克斯坦 500 墨西哥 320 俄罗斯 150 摩洛哥 1300 土耳其 300 其他国家 580
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表 3 2015—2022年中国重晶石进出口情况（数据来源：中华人民共和国海关总署
3 ）Table 3 China barite import and export 2015−2022 (Data source: General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China
3 )年份 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 出口重量（万吨） 207.26 159.56 201.67 120.96 112.61 54.13 92.27 72.21 出口金额（亿美元） 2.73 1.86 2.04 1.59 1.42 0.88 1.40 1.30 进口重量（万吨） 0.67 0.44 1.10 1.51 11.82 8.73 3.50 7.98 进口金额（亿美元） 0.009 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.04 0.09
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表 4 2022年全国各省份重晶石资源储备量（数据来源：自然资源部信息中心
2 ）Table 4 National barite resource reserves in various provinces of 2022 (Data source: Information Center of the Ministry of Natural Resource
2 )省份 资源储备量/万t 浙江 732.79 福建 268.16 湖北 495.27 重庆 518.59 云南 206.85 湖南 1443.69 贵州 4293.25 广西 1142.89 甘肃 1133.53 其他省份 500.56
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表 5 重晶石的应用领域一览表
Table 5 List of application fields of barite
应用领域 主要用途
石油工业重晶石是石油和天然气行业最重要的加重剂材料，高密度、化学性质稳定等特点的重晶石应用于钻井泥浆中，可以有效地防止喷井事故的发生
钡化工产品重晶石中钡含量较高，可作为钡化工产品的钡源；这些化工产品广泛用于电子工业、医药行业、光学玻璃、各类材料的填料、添加剂等方面
防辐射材料将重晶石加入混凝土中以增加房子对X射线和γ射线的屏蔽性能，可应用于医院、核电站、辐射实验室等；将其作为防护服的原材料之一可防止医护人员、科研人员等受到辐射的危害
高新
材料
钡铁氧体材料改性后的重晶石作为钡铁氧体材料里钡的来源，该材料适用于通讯设备、军事等，还可应用于药物运输、抗菌活性等的生物医学应用；除此之外，还可以净化水和空气中的污染物
其他将重晶石改性后应用于各种复合材料、导电材料、磁性材料、耐高温材料等，例如增加橡胶的耐磨性、涂料的稳定性等；还能用于导电涂料来减少导军事、医疗、电子产品中电磁的干扰；此外还可以作为废水中的吸附剂吸附铬酸盐来减少水环境污染 其他 胃肠道X射线双重造影剂、颜料、塑料等
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