Reservoir characteristics and natural gas accumulation of shales within the Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation in the Yichang region, middle Yangtze Platform
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摘要:研究目的
湖北省宜昌地区是中扬子地台页岩气勘探的重要前沿领域之一，近年来的野外调查与钻探工作表明该地区的寒武系水井沱组是极具潜在工业价值的页岩气勘探靶区。
研究方法本文针对该地区最新的钻孔资料，利用多学科交叉手段，查明该地区水井沱组优质页岩储层的特征以及油气富集规律。
研究结果水井沱组页岩有机质丰度高，有机碳含量（TOC）主要分布在0.56%~8.42%，干酪根以II1型和I型为主，Ro等效值分布在2.4%~3.2%。水井沱组页岩储层孔隙度主要分布在0.5%~9.1%，渗透率主要分布在0.019×10−3~0.540×10−3 μm2。水井沱组页岩的储集空间主要包括有机孔隙、无机孔隙以及裂缝等类型。储集空间的发育程度主要与有机质富集程度、黏土矿物含量以及页理缝的发育程度有关。天然气主要以吸附气（45.21%~81.44%）和游离气（18.56%~54.79%）的状态赋存于水井沱组页岩储层中，溶解气的比例相对较小。水井沱组页岩储层的含气性主要受有机碳含量、脆性矿物比例以及裂缝发育程度有关。有机碳比例、脆性矿物比例和裂缝发育程度越高，储层含气性越好。
结论综合地球化学、岩石物理和现场实测数据，认为宜昌地区水井沱组页岩气极具商业价值，是中国南方理想的页岩气勘探开发目标之一。
创新点:基于多学科交叉手段查明了水井沱组页岩储层特征及天然气富集规律；联系受控基底断裂构造影响，将宜昌地区水井沱组岩气保存模式确定为“基底控藏型”保存模型。
Abstract:This paper is the result of oil and gas exploration engineering.
ObjectiveThe Yichang area of Hubei Province is one of the important frontier areas of shale gas exploration on the middle Yangtze platform. Field investigation and drilling works in recent years show that the Cambrian Shuijngtuo Formation in this area is a shale gas exploration target with great potential industrial value.
MethodsBased on the latest borehole data in this area, the characteristics of high−quality shale reservoirs and the hydrocarbon accumulation patterns are identified by means of multidisciplinary methods.
ResultsThe shale of the Shuijngtuo Formation has high organic matter abundance, with TOC mainly distributed in the range of 0.56%−8.42%. Organic matter is dominated by type II1 and type I kerogen, and Ro equivalent value is distributed in the range of 2.4%−3.2%. Porosity and permeability values of shale reservoirs within the Shuijngtuo formation are mainly in the range of 0.5%−9.1% and 0.019×10−3−0.540×10−3 μm2. Reservoir pore spaces of shales within the Shuijngtuo Formation mainly includes organic pores, inorganic pores and fractures. Occurrence of pore spaces is mainly related to the enrichment degree of organic matter, the content of clay minerals and the development degree of fractures. Natural gas is mainly attached to the shale reservoir in the form of adsorbed gas (45.21%−81.44%) and free gas (18.56%−54.79%), and the proportion of dissolved gas is relatively small. The gas bearing property of the shale reservoir is mainly related to the content of organic carbon, the proportion of brittle minerals and the degree of fracture development. The higher the proportion of organic carbon, the proportion of brittle minerals, and the degree of fracture development, the better the gas bearing property of the reservoir becomes.
ConclusionsBased on the geochemical, petrophysical and field measurement data, the shale gas of the Shuijingtuo Formation in Yichang area has great commercial value and is one of the ideal targets for shale gas exploration and development in southern China.
Highlights:Based on multidisciplinary cross−means, the shale reservoir characteristics and natural gas enrichment rules of Shuijingtuo Formation were identified. Based on the influence of the controlled basement fault structure, the rock gas preservation model of the Shuijingtuo Formation in Yichang area is determined as the “basement−controlled reservoir−type” preservation model.
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图 1 钻井及钻孔位置分布图（据罗胜元等，2020）
Figure 1. Distribution of drilling and borehole location (after Luo Shengyuan et al., 2022)
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图 2 宜昌地区鄂宜地2井（a）和鄂宜页1井（b）沉积−储层综合柱状图
Figure 2. Sedimentary−reservoir comprehensive histogram of Well Eyidi 2 (a) and Well Eyiye 1 (b) in Yichang area
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图 3 鄂宜地2井水井沱组干酪根δ13Corg值统计直方图
Figure 3. Statistical histogram of kerogen δ13Corg value of Shuijingtuo Formation in Well Eyidi 2
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图 4 鄂宜地2井岩家河—水井沱组孔隙度、渗透率频率分布图与统计柱状图
a—孔隙度分布频率图；b—各小层孔隙度统计图；c—渗透率分布频率图；d—各小层渗透率统计图.
Figure 4. Frequency distribution diagram and statistical histogram of porosity and permeability of Yanjiahe−Shuijingtuo Formation in Well Eyidi 2
a−Porosity distribution frequency diagram; b−Porosity statistical chart of each layer; c−Permeability distribution frequency diagram; d−Permeability statistics of each layer
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图 5 宜昌地区水井沱组页岩典型有机孔与无机孔扫描电镜照片
a、b、c、d—有机孔；e、f、g、h—无机孔
Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope photos of typical organic and inorganic pores of Shuijingtuo Formation shale in Yichang area
a, b, c, d−Organic pores; e, f, g, h−Inorganic pores
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图 6 鄂宜地2井水井沱组岩心裂缝照片
a—1660.76~1662.21 m垂直缝，方解石全充填；b—1699.68~1701.34 m高角度裂缝，全充填；c—1724.2~1724.5 m高角度直劈缝，方解石全充填；d—裂缝FMI动态图像特征
Figure 6. Core fracture photos of Shuijingtuo Formation in Well Eyidi 2
a−1660.76−1662.21 m vertical fracture, calcite full filling; b−1699.68−1701.34 m high angle cracks, full filling; c−1724.2−1724.5 m high angle straight split fracture, calcite full filling; d−Fracture FMI dynamic image characteristics
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图 7 鄂宜地2井水井沱组页岩孔隙度与不同物质含量的关系
a—TOC；b—黏土矿物；c—伊利石孔；d—伊蒙混层；e—石英；f—长石；g—碳酸盐矿物
Figure 7. Relationship between porosity and different material contents of Shuijingtuo Formation shale in Well Eyidi 2
a−TOC; b−Clay minerals; c−Illite pores; d−Mixed−layer illite−smectite; e−Quartz; f−Feldspar; g−Carbonate minerals
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图 8 现场解析含气量与TOC关系图
a—鄂宜页1井；b—宜地2井
Figure 8. Relationship between gas content and TOC in field analysis
a−Well Eyiye 1; b−Well Yidi 2
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图 9 鄂宜页1井脆性矿物含量与含气性相关性分析图
Figure 9. Correlation analysis diagram of brittle mineral content and gas-bearing property in Well Eyiye 1
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图 10 鄂宜页1井水井沱组裂缝分布特征（据罗胜元等，2019）
a—裂缝倾向玫瑰花图；b—裂缝倾角概率分布图
Figure 10. Fracture distribution characteristics of Shuijingtuo Formation in Well Eyiye 1 (after Luo Shengyuan et al., 2019)
a−Fracture tendency rose diagram; b−Fracture dip angle probability distribution diagram
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图 11 典型区块页岩含气性、赋存状态及与地层压力间关系（据Hill and Nelson，2000）
Figure 11. Gas−bearing property, occurrence state and relationship with formation pressure of shale in typical block (after Hill and Nelson, 2000)
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图 12 宜页1井寒武系页岩气“基底控藏型”保存模式（据陈孝红等，2018）
K+Q—第四系+白垩系；P+T1—二叠系+下侏罗统；S+D—志留系+泥盆系；O—奥陶系；Є2—中寒武统；Є2sp—寒武系石牌组；Z2Єy+Є1-2n—寒武系岩家河组+寒武系牛蹄塘组；Z2d+Z2dy—震旦系陡山沱组+震旦系灯影组；Nh—南华系
Figure 12. Preservation mode of Cambrian shale gas "basement−controlled reservoir" in Well Yiye 1 (after Chen Xiaohong et al., 2018)
K+Q−Quaternary+Cretaceous; P+T1−Permian+Lower Jurassic; S+D−Silurian+Devonian system; O−Ordovician system; Є2−Middle Cambrian; Є2sp−Cambrian Shipai Formation; Z2Єy+Є1-2n−Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation+Cambrian Niutitang Formation; Z2d+Z2dy−Cambrian Doushantuo Formation+Cambrian Dengying Formation; Nh−South China Faction
表 1 中国南方扬子地台下寒武统不同区域富有机质页岩储层有机质地化特征
Table 1 Geochemical characteristics of organic matter in organic−rich shale reservoirs in different regions of the Lower Cambrian in the Yangtze Platform, South China
层位 时代 分布区域 主要岩性 主要沉积相类型 TOC分布 有机类型 有机质成熟度 水井沱组 寒武纪早期 黄陵背斜周缘 灰岩—灰质页岩 陆棚相沉积 （下段）1.32%~8.42% Ⅱ1 过成熟演化阶段 牛蹄塘组 寒武纪早期 黔东南地区 黑色炭质页岩 深水陆棚相 0.79%~6.01%* I 高−过成熟演化阶段 筇竹寺组 寒武纪早期 川西川中 深灰—灰黑色页岩 深水陆棚相 1.6%~10%* I 高−过成熟演化阶段 注：*文献数据来源：张天怡等，2023。 
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表 2 长阳鸭子口剖面水井沱组干酪根镜鉴统计
Table 2 Statistics of kerogen of Shuijingtuo Formation in Changyang Yazikou section
剖面 样品 腐泥组 镜质体 类型指数 无定型体 碎屑体 合计 无结构体 碎屑体 合计 类型 长
阳
鸭
子
口Є1sh12-1 171 58 229 41 30 71 58.5 57.0 19.3 76.3 13.7 10.0 23.7 Ⅱ1 Є1sh11-1 154 59 213 54 33 87 49.3 51.3 19.7 71.0 18.0 11.0 29.0 Ⅱ1 Є1sh10-1 173 46 219 50 31 81 52.8 57.7 15.3 73.0 16.7 10.3 27.0 Ⅱ1 Є1sh7-1 162 57 219 52 29 81 52.8 54.0 19.0 73.0 17.3 9.7 27.0 Ⅱ1
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表 3 宜昌主要区域寒武系水井沱组泥页岩成熟度统计
Table 3 Statistics of shale maturity of Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation in Yichang main area
地理位置 钻井及剖面 Ro等效值/% 平均值/% 宜昌土城 鄂宜地2井 2.26~2.37 2.35 长阳乐园 ZK03 2.96~3.36 3.16 宜都聂河 ZK05 2.46~3.15 2.85 长阳鸭子口 白竹岭 2.56~2.67 2.62 兴山 南阳 2.19~3.07 2.63
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表 4 鄂宜地2井、宜10井水井沱组全岩X衍射组分统计
Table 4 X-ray diffraction component statistics of whole rock of Shuijingtuo Formation in Well Eyidi 2 and Well Yi 10
井号 小层 样品个数 全岩X衍射分析结果/% 石英 长石 碳酸盐矿物 黄铁矿 黏土 水四段 13 2.0~18.7 0~3.7 62.5~95.2 0~1.5 1.3~13.8 鄂 6.4 2 86.9 0.2 4.5 宜 水三段 16 3.9~28.6 0~3.7 6.4~87.9 0~5.8 7.0~61.3 地 14.5 1.9 52.1 3.3 27.3 2 水二段 21 8.1~33.2 0.7~6.0 11.8~84.0 0~6.2 8.3~54.7 井 21.4 2.8 35.8 3.7 37.6 水一段 23 16.5~39.1 1.7~11.2 13.1~86.9 2.0~14.9 2.7~46.0 29.2 4.4 29.6 5 32.7 水四段 7 9.8~40.4 5.0~15.1 31.8~82.1 0 1.9~12.8 17.6 7.8 70.7 3.9 宜 水三段 1 50.9 13 13.5 0 22.6 10 水二段 3 34.9~45.6 8.3~14.2 28.3~39.7 0~1.9 12.0~15.1 井 41.6 10.3 33.3 1 13.8 水一段 5 31.2~49.2 4.8~9.5 41.0~58.0 0.5~1.8 8.0~11.5 39.3 7.5 49.34 1.2 9.6 注：区间数值下方为平均值。
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表 5 鄂宜地2井、宜10井水井沱组黏土X衍射组分统计
Table 5 X-ray diffraction component statistics of clay in Shuijingtuo Formation of Well Eyidi 2 and Well Yi 10
井号 小层 样品个数 黏土X衍射分析结果/% 黏土总含量 伊蒙混层 伊利石 绿泥石 水四段 3 9.6~13.8 5.7~6.6 3.6~5.1 0~2.8 鄂 11.2 6.1 4.2 0.9 宜 水三段 16 7.0~61.3 2.5~26.4 2.1~14.8 2.5~20.8 地 27.3 11.8 7.5 7.9 2 水二段 21 8.3~54.7 3.6~33.3 1.7~12.6 2.4~11.9 井 37.6 20.6 8.9 8.3 水一段 23 2.7~46.0 7.6~25.8 3.6~20.1 0.4~8.1 32.7 19.3 11.8 3.2 水四段 7 1.9~12.8 0.8~4.5 1.0~5.6 0.1~2.7 鄂 3.9 1.5 1.9 0.5 宜 水三段 1 22.6 5.4 12.4 4.7 10 水二段 3 12.0~15.1 3.7~4.5 5.5~7.7 2.5~4.1 井 13.8 4.1 6.5 3.2 水一段 5 8.0~11.5 3.2~4.7 3.0~6.0 0.8~2.1 9.6 3.8 4.4 1.4 注：区间数值下方为平均值。
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表 6 鄂宜页1井现场解析数据
Table 6 Field analytical data of Well Eyiye 1
编号 深度/m 解吸气量/ (m3/t) 损失气量/ (m3/t) 总含气量/ (m3/t) 游离气占比/% 吸附气占比/% CY−1 1762.38 0.221 0.0937 0.315 29.78 70.22 CY−2 1763.78 0.404 0.271 0.675 40.10 59.90 CY−3 1766.57 0.297 0.127 0.424 29.90 70.10 CY−4 1772.54 0.294 0.169 0.463 36.53 63.47 CY−5 1775.74 0.334 0.258 0.591 43.59 56.41 CY−6 1777.56 0.203 0.122 0.326 37.57 62.43 CY−7 1780.05 0.258 0.161 0.418 38.38 61.62 CY−8 1782.74 0.226 0.104 0.330 31.60 68.40 CY−9 1790.17 0.551 0.212 0.763 27.82 72.18 CY−10 1791.56 0.446 0.165 0.610 26.95 73.05 CY−11 1792.02 0.415 0.206 0.621 33.18 66.82 CY−12 1792.51 0.558 0.189 0.747 25.31 74.69 CY−13 1793.97 0.434 0.145 0.579 25.02 74.98 CY−14 1795.70 0.553 0.188 0.741 25.35 74.65 CY−15 1804.91 0.539 0.179 0.718 24.96 75.04 CY−16 1809.14 0.750 0.271 1.02 26.52 73.48 CY−17 1809.73 0.922 0.378 1.30 29.08 70.92 CY−18 1813.01 0.980 0.409 1.39 29.45 70.55 CY−19 1814.32 0.608 0.155 0.762 20.30 79.70 CY−20 1816.48 0.663 0.151 0.814 18.56 81.44 CY−21 1820.02 0.607 0.191 0.798 23.99 76.01 CY−22 1821.88 0.943 0.265 1.21 21.90 78.10 CY−23 1823.68 1.07 0.654 1.72 38.02 61.98 CY−24 1826.79 1.41 1.17 2.57 45.33 54.67 CY−25 1828.89 1.06 0.476 1.54 30.96 69.04 CY−26 1831.42 1.03 0.348 1.37 25.28 74.72 CY−27 1833.05 0.925 0.263 1.19 22.16 77.84 CY−28 1835.45 0.948 0.328 1.28 25.69 74.31 CY−29 1837.69 1.12 1.07 2.19 48.88 51.12 CY−30 1839.52 1.20 0.933 2.14 43.68 56.32 CY−31 1841.24 1.30 1.05 2.35 44.59 55.41 CY−32 1843.20 1.41 1.32 2.73 48.33 51.67 CY−33 1843.75 1.17 0.836 2.01 41.62 58.38 CY−34 1846.47 1.40 0.833 2.23 37.29 62.71 CY−35 1849.14 1.35 1.10 2.45 44.84 55.16 CY−36 1851.22 1.39 1.23 2.63 46.96 53.04 CY−37 1853.31 1.44 1.13 2.57 44.14 55.86 CY−38 1854.35 1.69 1.67 3.36 49.66 50.34 CY−39 1856.64 1.53 1.56 3.08 50.46 49.54 CY−40 1858.72 1.50 1.82 3.31 54.79 45.21 CY−41 1860.51 1.57 1.31 2.88 45.45 54.55 CY−42 1862.43 2.38 2.39 4.77 50.10 49.90 CY−43 1864.60 2.72 2.76 5.48 50.34 49.66 CY−44 1866.06 1.93 1.84 3.77 48.83 51.17 CY−45 1868.43 1.71 1.57 3.28 47.77 52.23 CY−46 1870.84 2.62 2.21 4.83 45.80 54.20
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