Deep−seated granite thermal reservoir exploration and hot dry rock potential assessment in the Qiabuqia Area, Gonghe Basin: A time−frequency electromagnetic method approach
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摘要:研究目的
共和盆地恰卜恰地区是国内花岗岩热储型干热岩研究热点区域。本文旨在查明恰卜恰地区盖层厚度和花岗岩基底起伏形态，分析花岗岩体的空间分布特征，预测干热岩体的空间分布。
研究方法本文首次将主要用于深部油气勘探的时频电磁法应用于干热岩探测，在获取高品质原始数据的基础上，采用数据预处理、电性参数提取、约束反演等技术，得到了电阻率反演剖面；采用综合解释技术，结合已有的地质、钻孔、测井及其他物探资料，得到了研究区地层构造、花岗岩体与干热岩体的分布特征。
研究结果（1）时频电磁法可有效识别10 km以浅地层电性变化特征，时频电磁法电阻率反演剖面整体表现为典型的H型电性特征（次高阻层—低阻层—高阻层），盖层厚度呈东薄西厚，厚900~1400 m；10 km深度范围内，整体上花岗岩电阻率随深度的增加而变大，表现为A型电性特征，顶界面埋深呈东浅西深，为−900~−2900 m。（2）结合钻孔测温资料，预测了恰卜恰干热岩体和达连海干热岩体的空间展布特征。
研究结论（1）通过对热流传导规律的分析，认为岩体较完整的岩基和岩株是主要的热流汇聚区，最有可能是干热岩体。（2）深部岩浆在上侵时存在不均一性，导致花岗岩体呈深部岩基、中部岩株、浅部岩床的分布特征。③花岗岩体内电阻率存在一定的差异，在一定程度上指示了花岗岩体的完整性，深部岩基、中部岩株较浅部岩床更加完整。
创新点:本文首次将时频电磁法应用于青海共和干热岩探测，查明了恰卜恰地区盖层厚度和花岗岩基底起伏形态，分析了花岗岩的空间分布特征，论述了花岗岩体完整性与大地热流传导规律之间的关系，预测了干热岩体的空间分布。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geothermal survey engineering.
ObjectiveThe Qiabuqia area within China's Gonghe Basin represents a key research zone for granite−hosted hot dry rock (HDR) systems. This study systematically investigates the caprock thickness variation and granite basement topography while elucidating the spatial configuration of granitic bodies to establish predictive models for HDR reservoir distribution.
MethodsInnovatively applying the Time−Frequency Electromagnetic (TFEM) method−traditionally employed in deep hydrocarbon exploration − to HDR characterization, we implemented a comprehensive workflow encompassing advanced data preprocessing, electrical parameter optimization, and constrained inversion modeling. Integrated interpretation of resistivity profiles with multi−source datasets (geological mapping, borehole logs, and auxiliary geophysical surveys) enabled three−dimensional reconstruction of stratigraphic architecture, granitic intrusion geometry, and HDR reservoir characteristics.
Results(1) TFEM demonstrates exceptional capability in resolving electrical stratigraphy within 10 km depth. Resistivity profiles reveal a tripartite H−type structure comprising a sub−high−resistivity superficial layer (900−1,400 m thickness, eastward−thinning), an intermediate conductive zone, and a high−resistivity basement. Granitic bodies exhibit A−type resistivity progression with depth, featuring westward−deepening top surfaces (−900 to −2900 m elevation). (2) Thermal logging−constrained models delineate distinct spatial configurations of the Qiabuqia and Dalianhai HDR reservoirs, demonstrating strong correlation with structural highs.
Conclusions(1)Thermo−structural analysis identifies competent batholiths and stocks as preferential heat flow conduits, serving as prime HDR exploration targets. (2)Magmatic emplacement heterogeneity drives vertical zonation: deep−seated batholiths transition upward through intermediate stocks to shallow sills. (3)Resistivity anomalies within granitic masses reflect structural integrity gradients, with batholiths and stocks exhibiting superior mechanical continuity compared to fractured sill complexes.
Highlights:In this paper, the time−frequency electromagnetic method is applied for the first time to detect the dry hot rock in Gonghe, Qinghai Province. It identifies the overburden thickness and the undulating morphology of the granite basement in the Chabcha area, analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of granitic rocks, discusses the relationship between the integrity of granite bodies and geothermal heat flow conduction patterns, and predicts the spatial distribution of HDR reservoirs.
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图 1 共和盆地简要构造位置及时频电磁法测线部署图（据张超等，2018修改）
1—地名；2—地热钻孔；3—测线；4—坳陷区；5—黄河；6—隆起区
Figure 1. Brief structural position of Gonghe Basin and line deployment diagram of TFEM (modified from Zhang Chao et al., 2018)
1−Place name; 2−Geothermal drilling; 3−Survey line; 4−Depression area; 5−The Yellow River; 6−Uplift area
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图 3 时频电磁数据综合处理解释流程
Figure 3. Flow chart of comprehensive processing and interpretation of time-frequeney electromagnetic data
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图 5 恰卜恰地区花岗岩顶界面埋深海拔图
1—测点；2—地热钻孔；3—断裂；4—测线；5—地名
Figure 5. Altitude Map of Buried Depth of Granite Top Surface in Qiabuqia Area
1−Measuring point; 2−Geothermal drilling; 3−Faults; 4−Survey line; 5−Place name
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图 6 研究区TFEM电阻率反演剖面拟三维图
Figure 6. Pseudo-3D map of TFEM resistivity inversion profile in the study area
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图 7 基于L2测线电阻率剖面与DR2孔测温曲线的干热岩体标定图
Figure 7. Calibration diagram of HDR mass based on resistivity profile of line L2 and temperature measurement curve of hole DR2
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图 8 基于L3测线电阻率剖面与DR4、GR1孔测温曲线的干热岩体标定图
Figure 8. Calibration diagram of HDR mass based on resistivity profile of line L3 and temperature measurement curve of hole DR4 and GR1
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图 9 恰卜恰—达连海干热岩体平面分布预测图
1—测点；2—地热钻孔；3—断裂；4—测线；5—地名
Figure 9. Plane distribution prediction map of Qiabuqia-Dalianhai hot dry rock mass
1−Measuring point; 2−Geothermal drilling; 3−Faults; 4−Survey line; 5−Place name
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图 10 恰卜恰—达连海隐伏花岗岩/干热岩体顶界面立体显示
Figure 10. Stereo display of top surface of Qiabuqia−Dalianhai concealed granite/hot dry rock mass
表 1 多种地球物理勘探方法对比
Table 1 Comparison of various geophysical exploration methods
方法 探测深度/km 分辨率 抗干扰能力 施工效率 施工成本 适用范围 AMT 2 中 弱 高 低 中浅水热 MT 30 低 弱 低 中 深部热源机制 CSAMT 2 高 中 高 低 中浅水热 TFEM 10 高 强 高 中 中深水热或干热 人工地震 5 高 强 高 高 中深水热或干热 注：横向分辨率为点距的二分之一；深度不同，纵向分辨率不同。 
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表 2 时频电磁法数据采集针对性措施
Table 2 Targeted measures for data acquisition of time-frequency electromagnetic method
工序名称 干扰特征 处理措施 测量工序 县城、村庄、河流、公路、光伏电厂、
高压线、信号塔等合理布设测点，避开明显干扰源 发射工序 大功率（200 kw）建场，大电流（100 A）发射 接收工序 车辆、行人、风动干扰等 采用不极化电极罐，配对误差小于2 mv，深埋地下大于30 cm；所有线缆分段压实 现场资料预处理 坏点、异常点 分析坏点或异常点原因，及时返工
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