Spatial distribution characteristic, source analysis and health risk assessment of the soil heavy metals in the eastern of Leizhou, Guangdong Province
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摘要:研究目的
以雷州市东部为研究区，研究土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征，剖析重金属来源，评价重金属污染程度及人体的健康风险评价。
研究方法采集381个点位的表层土壤样，分析测试土壤重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn，应用GIS软件分析重金属元素空间分布特征，运用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数开展土壤重金属污染程度评价，采用蒙特卡洛健康风险模型评估人体健康风险。
研究结果（1）As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn在土壤中的平均值依次为5.85×10−6、0.079×10−6、64.03×10−6、14.11×10−6、0.07×10−6、21.23×10−6、35.38×10−6、76.45×10−6，其中Cd、Cr、Ni和Zn超过广东省土壤背景值，表明这四种元素在土壤中呈相对富集。（2）单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数显示研究区土壤质量总体较好，以清洁状态和尚清洁状态为主，仅有个别点位存在轻度污染。（3）重金属除了地质背景来源，还与交通源、农业源和工业源有关。（4）健康风险评价表明，土壤重金属对成人和儿童的非致癌健康风险可以忽略，但对成人和儿童存在可耐受致癌健康风险，最主要的致癌因素为重金属元素As；敏感性分析表明非致癌风险中皮肤黏着系数（SL）是影响非致癌风险的首要因素，致癌风险中SL和As分别是影响成人和儿童致癌的首要因素；致癌途径主要是通过皮肤暴露和手−口暴露途径进入人体。
结论雷州市东部土壤重金属污染程度较低，整体呈轻微生态风险，但Hg和Cd应引起足够的重视；As是影响人体健康的主要致癌因素，应加强对As的污染防控。
创新点:采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法研究了雷州市水稻主产区的土壤重金属污染情况，分析了重金属来源，并采用蒙特卡洛法健康风险评估模型人体的健康风险评估。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveTaking the eastern part of Leizhou as research area, this paper studies the concentration and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soil, analyzes the sources of heavy metals, evaluates the degree of heavy metal pollution, and assess the health risks to human health.
MethodsA total of 381 soil samples are collected to measure the concentration of heavy metal elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. GIS technique is used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals; the single factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index methods are used to evaluate the degree of soil heavy metals pollution, and Monte Carlo health risk model is used to assess human health risks.
Results(1) The average concentration values of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil are 5.85×10−6, 0.079×10−6, 64.03×10−6, 14.11×10−6, 0.07×10−6, 21.23×10−6, 35.38×10−6, 76.45×10−6, respectively. Among them, the average concentration values of Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn in the surface soils exceed the background values of soils in Guangdong Province, which indicates that these four heavy metal elements in the soil are relatively enriched. (2) The single factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index show that the soil is "clean" in the study area, with only a few points being polluted slightly. (3) In addition to geological background sources, heavy metals in surface soil also come from sources such as transportation, agriculture, and industry. (4) The health risk assessment of heavy metals shows that the non−carcinogenic health risks of children and adults could be ignored, but there are tolerable carcinogenic risks for both children and adults. The major carcinogenic factor is As. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the SL (Skin adhesion coefficient) is the primary factor affecting non−carcinogenic health risk, while the SL and As are the primary factors affecting carcinogenic health risk in adults and children, respectively. The main exposure routes of carcinogenicity are skin exposure and hand−oral exposure.
ConclusionsThe pollution of soil heavy metals in the eastern of Leizhou is relatively low, and the ecological risk is low on the whole. However, Hg and Cd should be given sufficient attention. As is the main carcinogenic factor affecting human health, and pollution prevention and control of As should be strengthened.
Highlights:The single factor pollution index, Nemero comprehensive pollution index were used to study the soil heavy metal pollution in the main rice producing area of Leizhou and analyze the sources of heavy metals. We use the Monte Carlo health risk assessment model to assess the human health risk.
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图 1 雷州市土壤类型分布图（a）及土壤采样点位图（b）
Figure 1. Distribution map of soil types in Leizhou City (a) and the distribution of soil sampling points (b)
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图 2 土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu空间分布特征图
Figure 2. Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal (As, Cd, Cr, Cu) in the soil
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图 3 土壤重金属Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn空间分布特征图
Figure 3. Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal (Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the soil
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图 4 不同等级污染指数点位数统计图（n=381）
Figure 4. Statistical graph of different level of pollution index (n=381)
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图 5 土壤重金属非致癌风险概率分布（HI）
Figure 5. Probability distribution for non−carcinogenic risk (HI)
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图 6 土壤重金属致癌风险概率分布
Figure 6. Probability distribution for carcinogenic risk of soil heavy metals
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图 7 土壤重金属非致癌和致癌风险敏感度分析
Figure 7. Sensitivity analysis of health risks for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic of soil heavy metals
表 1 单因子及内梅罗综合污染等级划分方案
Table 1 Pollution index grade of single and comprehensive Nemerow
等级 单因子污染指数 污染程度 综合污染指数 污染程度 污染水平 1 Pi≤0.7 无污染 Ni≤0.7 无污染 清洁 2 0.7＜Pi≤1.0 警戒级 0.7＜Ni≤1.0 警戒级 尚清洁 3 1.0＜Pi≤2.0 轻度污染 1.0＜Ni≤2.0 轻度污染 开始受到污染 4 2.0＜Pi≤3.0 中度污染 2.0＜Ni≤3.0 中度污染 受到中度污染 5 Pi>3.0 重度污染 Ni>3.0 重度污染 受到重度污染 
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表 2 不同暴露途径下蒙特卡洛土壤重金属健康风险模型参数值
Table 2 Parameter values of health risk assessment model under the different exposure pathways via Monte Carlo simulation
暴露参数 含义 单位 概率分布 取值 成人 儿童 lngR 土壤摄入量 mg/d 三角分布 30（4、52） 103（66、161） lnhR 呼吸摄入量 m3/d 点分布 19 8.6 EF 暴露频率 d/a 三角分布 345（180、365） ED 暴露年限 a 点分布 24 6 BW 体重 kg 对数分布 57.03±1.18 16.68±1.48 AT 平均暴露时间 d 点分布 365×ED（非致癌）365×76（致癌） PEF 颗粒物释放因子 m3/kg 点分布 1.36×109 SA 皮肤暴露面积 m2 点分布 0.54 0.23 SL 皮肤黏着系数 mg/(cm2·d) 对数正态 0.49±0.54 0.65±1.2 ABS 皮肤吸收因子 无量纲 点分布 0.001（非致癌）0.01（致癌） 注：三角分布：最可能值（最小值、最大值）；对数分布：平均值±标准差。
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表 3 不同暴露途径下土壤重金属的斜率因子和参考剂量
Table 3 Slope factor and reference dose of soil heavy metals from different exposure pathways
元素 RfD/(mg/(kg·d)) SF/(mg/(kg·d)) 手−口摄入 呼吸摄入 皮肤摄入 手−口摄入 呼吸摄入 皮肤摄入 As 3.00×10−4 1.23×10−4 1.23×10−4 1.50 1.51×101 3.66 Cd 1.00×10−3 1.00×10−5 1.00×10−5 6.10 6.3 − Cr 3.00×10−3 2.86×10−5 6.00×10−5 8.50×10−3 4.20×101 − Cu 4.00×10−2 4.02×10−2 1.20×10−2 − − − Hg 3.00×10−4 8.57×10−5 2.10×10−5 − − − Ni 2.00×10−2 2.06×10−2 5.40×10−3 − 8.40×10−1 − Pb 3.50×10−3 3.52×10−3 5.25×10−4 8.50×10−3 − − Zn 3.00×10−1 6.00×10−2 3.00×10−1 − − − 注：“−”表示为无数据；RfD和SF参考值详见文献（马杰等，2023；李剑锋和冯李霄，2023）。
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表 4 土壤重金属含量测量结果（10−6）
Table 4 Concentration of heavy metals in the soil of study area （10−6）
元素 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准偏差 变异系数% 背景值 风险筛选值 As 11.60 1.11 5.85 1.58 27 8.9 30 Cd 0.282 0.015 0.079 0.036 45 0.06 0.4 Cr 122.00 13.90 64.03 14.75 23 50.5 250 Cu 78.40 5.08 14.11 4.79 34 17 50 Hg 0.351 0.003 0.07 0.05 68 0.08 0.5 Ni 73.00 4.21 21.23 7.05 33 14.4 70 Pb 63.30 5.47 35.58 9.04 25 36 100 Zn 284.00 12.60 76.45 27.20 36 47.3 200 注：背景值为广东省土壤环境背景值，风险筛选值为《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618—2018）水田重金属含量（5.5＜pH≤6.5）。
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表 5 土壤重金属含量相关性分析(n=381)
Table 5 Correlation analysis of soil heavy metals concentration (n=381)
As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn As 1 Cd 0.000 1 Cr 0.494** 0.219** 1 Cu 0.401** 0.430** 0.606** 1 Hg −0.004 0.276** 0.082 0.401** 1 Ni 0.480** 0.275** 0.800** 0.635** 0.008 1 Pb 0.406** 0.202** 0.711** 0.486** 0.261** 0.648** 1 Zn 0.354** 0.480** 0.630** 0.701** 0.281** 0.754** 0.645** 1 注：**表示在0.01 水平（双侧）上显著相关。
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表 6 土壤重金属含量因子分析
Table 6 Factor analysis of soil heavy metals concentration
重金属元素 旋转前因子 旋转后因子 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 As 0.565 −0.473 0.293 0.748 −0.265 0.018 Cd 0.454 0.613 −0.517 0.071 0.908 0.141 Cr 0.853 −0.275 −0.020 0.877 0.185 −0.009 Cu 0.821 0.229 0.058 0.640 0.425 0.376 Hg 0.309 0.720 0.595 0.039 0.148 0.972 Ni 0.872 −0.259 −0.194 0.864 0.323 −0.117 Pb 0.797 −0.111 0.192 0.783 0.116 0.240 Zn 0.876 0.145 −0.147 0.698 0.535 0.186 方差贡献 4.186 1.347 0.807 3.591 1.536 1.212 贡献率/% 52.319 16.843 10.088 44.891 19.203 15.156 累积贡献率/% 52.319 69.162 79.250 44.891 64.094 79.250 注：旋转在4次迭代后收敛。
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表 7 土壤重金属非致癌健康风险评估
Table 7 Non−carcinogenic health risk indices of soil heavy metals
重金属元素 HQmax HQmin HQadv 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 As 2.34×10−2 2.34×10−1 2.24×10−3 2.24×10−2 1.18×10−2 1.18×10−1 Cd 1.38×10−3 4.05×10−3 7.36×10−5 2.15×10−4 3.87×10−4 1.13×10−3 Cr 1.10×10−1 4.11×10−1 1.26×10−2 4.68×10−2 5.79×10−2 2.16×10−1 Cu 1.26×10−3 1.20×10−2 8.17×10−5 7.77×10−4 2.27×10−4 2.16×10−3 Hg 1.32×10−3 8.25×10−3 1.24×10−5 7.75×10−5 2.58×10−4 1.62×10−3 Ni 2.41×10−3 2.25×10−2 1.39×10−4 1.29×10−3 7.00×10−4 6.53×10−3 Pb 1.43×10−2 1.16×10−1 1.23×10−3 1.00×10−2 8.03×10−3 6.51×10−2 Zn 5.13×10−4 5.61×10−3 2.28×10−5 2.49×10−4 1.38×10−4 1.51×10−3
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