Current situation and application prospect of large−scale geological hydrogen storage engineering
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摘要:研究目的
地质储氢具有规模大、周期长、可跨季节储能等突出优势，是未来氢能大规模储备的重要发展方向。
研究方法本文通过系统搜集和整理地质储氢领域的研究成果，以及基于文献调研对地质储氢工程现状进行了论述。同时，充分借鉴盐穴天然气储气库工程建设的经验，分析了中国盐穴储氢库建设中的挑战，并提出解决思路。结合江苏省金坛区盐盆资源条件和盐穴综合利用经验，探索在该地建设盐穴储氢库的技术路线的可能性。
研究结果（1）地质储氢库根据地质构造分为盐穴、枯竭油气藏、含水层以及废弃矿洞，其中，盐穴储氢库已投产运行和中试示范的项目数量最多，且已实现纯度95%的氢气储存，是大规模地质储氢的优先发展方向。（2）盐穴储氢库的建设周期可划分为选址、钻井、造腔、注采完井、注气排卤、不压井作业、运行以及监测等8个阶段，可参考盐穴天然气储气库的建设经验，但仍存在政策、材料以及施工工艺等方面的问题。（3）在江苏金坛地区，盐穴储氢技术路线可以与该地的盐穴压缩空气储能和盐穴储天然气技术相结合，形成一套综合技术方案，包括可再生能源发电技术、高压空气压缩技术、电解水制氢技术以及天然气管道掺氢技术等不同领域技术。
结论近年来，国外地质储氢库的选址调研与试验论证工作正在加速进行，出现了多个处于中试阶段的地质储氢项目。综合考虑安全性、经济性以及技术难度等多个方面，盐穴储氢被认为是中国大规模地质储氢的优先发展方向。建成盐穴储氢验证平台，推进示范工程建设，将有助于形成具有自主知识产权的盐穴储氢技术体系。
创新点:（1）从工程角度系统介绍了盐穴天然气储气库主要的建设阶段，提出在国内建设盐穴储氢库可能面临的问题及相应的解决办法建议；（2）结合江苏省金坛区的盐盆资源条件和盐穴综合利用经验，对金坛盐矿进行了建盐穴储氢库条件评价，探索了在该地区建设盐穴储氢库的技术路线的可能性。
Abstract:This paper is the result of energy exploration engineering.
ObjectiveGeological hydrogen storage has the outstanding advantages of large scale, long period and cross−season energy storage, which is an important development direction of large−scale hydrogen energy storage in the future.
MethodsThis review systematically collects and collates the research results in the field of geological hydrogen storage, and discusses the current situation of geological hydrogen storage engineering based on literature investigation. At the same time, the review makes full reference to the experience of salt cavern gas storage engineering construction, analyzes the challenges in the construction of salt cavern hydrogen storage in China, and puts forward solutions. Based on the salt basin resource condition and the comprehensive utilization experience of salt cavern in Jintan District of Jiangsu Province, the possibility of constructing the technical route of salt cavern hydrogen storage is explored.
Results(1) Geological hydrogen storage facilities are classified according to geological structures into salt caverns, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, aquifers, and abandoned mines. Among these, salt cavern storage facilities have the highest number of operational and research projects. They achieve hydrogen storage with purity exceeding 95%, making them the primary direction for large−scale geological hydrogen storage development. (2) The construction cycle of salt cavern hydrogen storage can be divided into eight stages, including site selection, drilling, solution mining, injection and production completion, gas first fill, snubbing, operation and monitoring, which can refer to the construction experience of salt cavern natural gas storage, but there are still problems in policy, materials and construction technology. (3) In Jintan area of Jiangsu Province, the salt cavern hydrogen storage technology route can be combined with the salt cavern compressed air energy storage and salt cavern natural gas storage technology to form a set of comprehensive technical solutions, including renewable energy power generation technology, high−pressure air compression technology, electrolytic water hydrogen production technology and natural gas pipeline hydrogen mixing technology.
ConclusionsIn recent years, the site selection, investigation, and experimental verification of geological hydrogen storage facilities abroad have been accelerating, with several geological hydrogen storage projects in the pilot stage. Considering factors such as safety, economy, and technical difficulty, salt cavern storage is considered the primary direction for large−scale geological hydrogen storage in our country. Establishing a salt cavern hydrogen storage verification platform and advancing demonstration project construction will help to form a salt cavern hydrogen storage technology system with independent intellectual property rights.
Highlights:(1) From an engineering perspective, the main construction stages of salt cavern natural gas storage facilities are systematically introduced. Additionally, potential problems that may arise in constructing salt cavern hydrogen storage facilities domestically are identified, along with corresponding suggested solutions; (2) Based on the salt basin resources and comprehensive utilization experience in Jintan District, Jiangsu Province, an assessment of the conditions for constructing a salt cavern hydrogen storage facility in the Jintan salt mine is conducted. The feasibility of establishing a technical route for constructing a salt cavern hydrogen storage facility in this region is explored.
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图 1 与电力系统耦合的地下空间储氢
Figure 1. Hydrogen storage in underground space coupled with power system
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图 3 英国Teesside盐穴储氢库地层剖面图
Figure 3. Cross−section of the Teesside salt cavern hydrogen storage reservoir in the United Kingdom
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图 4 美国Spindletop盐穴储氢库井身结构
Figure 4. Well structure of Spindletop salt cavern hydrogen storage in the united states
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图 6 Zuidwending储气库中储氢井规划
Figure 6. Planning of hydrogen storage wells in Zuidwending gas storage
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图 9 国内盐穴天然气储气库钻井完井井身结构
Figure 9. Drilling completion well structure of salt cavern natural gas storage in China
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图 11 盐穴储气库不同造腔工艺
Figure 11. Different cavity forming processes of salt cavern gas storage
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图 14 钢丝和油管式井下安全阀（据Buzogany and Bernhardt, 2023）
Figure 14. Wireline and tubing retrievable surface controlled subsurface safety valve (after Buzogany and Bernhardt, 2023)
表 1 氢气和甲烷的物理性质（数据来源Muhammed et al., 2022; Ugarte and Salehi, 2022）
Table 1 Physical properties of hydrogen and methane (Data from Muhammed et al., 2022; Ugarte and Salehi, 2022)
气体 相对分子质量 密度/
（kg/m3）比重 黏度/
（Pa⋅s）水中溶解度/
（g/L）标准沸点/
（℃）热值/
(kJ/g)水中扩散速率/
（m2/s）爆炸浓度范围 氢气 2.016 0.089 0.068 0.89×10−5 16×10−4 -253 120~142 5.13×10−9 4%~75% 甲烷 16.043 0.657 0.509 1.1×10−5 22.7×10−3 -165 50~55.5 1.85×10−9 5%~15% 
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表 2 四种类型地下储氢库特点
Table 2 Four types of underground hydrogen storage
储存类型 盐穴 枯竭油气藏 含水层 废弃矿洞 状态 4座正在运行的储氢成功案例，盐穴地下储氢的可行性已被实践证明 氢气与甲烷的混合气储存以被实践证明可行，纯氢储存尚在研究 氢气与甲烷的混合气储存以被实践证明可行，纯氢储存尚在研究 存在天然气储存案例，纯氢储存尚在研究 运行模式 战略储备和日、周、季节调峰 战略储备和季节调峰 战略储备和季节调峰 战略储备和日、周、季节调峰 注采周期 >10 次/年 1~2 次/年 1~2 次/年 >10 次/年 垫气量 30% 40%~50% 50%~80% ≤30% 运行压力 3.5~20 MPa 1.5~30 MPa 3~30 MPa 2~20 MPa 建设成本 低 低 低 高 运营成本 中等 低 低 中等 主要支出 钻井，腔体建设，卤水处理 钻井，垫气 地质勘察，钻井，垫气 洞室开挖，衬砌加固，密封性监测 技术难点 注采参数（注采速率、频率）优化 残余油气和微生物的影响 储层围岩和盖层致密性需确定、微生物的影响 氢气与衬砌材料的反应机理
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表 3 国外地质储氢库项目案例
Table 3 Geological hydrogen storage project in the world
地点 项目名称 纯度/% 状态 投运年份 储存类型 物理容积/m3 深度/m 运行压力/MPa 阿根廷 Diadema 10 运行中 2015年 枯竭油气藏 600~800 1 奥地利 Underground Sun 10 运行中 2017年 枯竭油气藏 60×108 1200 7.8 捷克 Lobodice 50 储天然气 1965年 含水层 1×108 400~500 9 Haje 早期开发 含水层 1×108 丹麦 Green Hydrogen Hub 早期开发 盐穴 66 000 欧盟地区 HyStories 100 早期开发 枯竭油气藏
含水层HyUnder 早期开发 盐穴 4 000 000 法国 HyPster 早期开发 盐穴 480 000 TEREGA 早期开发 盐穴 3 300 000 Beynes 60 储天然气 1956年 含水层 3.3×108 430 1.1 德国 HyCAVmobil 早期开发 盐穴 500 000 HYPOS 早期开发 盐穴 InSpEE 早期开发 盐穴 HyINTEGER 早期开发 枯竭油气藏 Kiel 60 储天然气 1971年 盐穴 32 000 1335 8~10 Ketzin 62 储天然气 1964年 含水层 1.3×108 200~250 H2STORE 早期开发 枯竭油气藏 爱尔兰 Green Hydrogen @ Kinsale 早期开发 枯竭油气藏 990 000 荷兰 Hystock 早期开发 盐穴 60 000 LSES 早期开发 盐穴 0.14×108 枯竭油气藏 0.75×108 瑞典 Hybrit 100 早期开发 废弃矿洞 100 30 英国 Aldbrough 早期开发 盐穴 3.3×108 HyStorPor 早期开发 Teesside 95 运行中 1972年 盐穴（层状盐岩） 225 900 350 4.5 美国 Clemens Dome 95 运行中 1986年 盐穴（盐丘） 580 000 1000 7~13.5 Moss Bluss 95 运行中 2007年 盐穴（盐丘） 566 000 1200 5.5~15.2 Spindletop 95 运行中 2014年 盐穴（盐丘） 906 000 1340 6.8~20.2 注：表中空缺表示相关数据未见报道。
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表 4 国内地质储氢库项目案例
Table 4 Geological hydrogen storage projects in China
项目名称 物理容积/m3 运行压力/MPa 储存类型 参与单位 当前状态 湖北大冶岩洞储氢 >5000 5 废弃矿洞 中冶武勘工程技术有限公司、中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 开工建设 陕西榆林盐穴储氢 50000 盐穴 陕西氢能产业发展有限公司、陕西华盐绿能能源有限公司、清华大学土木水利学院 准备阶段 平煤神马盐穴储氢 >30000 盐穴 中国平煤神马集团联合盐化公司、中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 开工建设 中盐集团盐穴储氢 盐穴 清华大学、中盐集团、中国地质大学（北京）、中国科学院理化技术研究所、天津大学、中国矿业大学、国家电投科学技术研究院、首钢集团、中国特种设备检测研究院、中国石油工程技术研究院 准备阶段 注：表中空缺表示相关数据未见报道。
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表 5 盐穴储气库监测技术
Table 5 Monitoring technology of salt cavern gas storage
监测目的 地层完整性监测 注采运行监测 井筒泄露监测 储气库区域沉降监测 腔体变形监测 监测内容 微地震事件 库区内气体泄露 单井注采运行参数（温度、压力、流量等） 井筒、腔体内温度和压力梯度 地面沉降值、沉降速率 腔体形态、结构参数 监测手段 微地震监测 气体示踪剂 井口数据录取 光纤测井 地面沉降观测、测量 声纳测气腔
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表 6 盐穴储氢库建设过程中各阶段潜在风险
Table 6 Potential risks in the construction process of salt cavern hydrogen storage
阶段 可能存在的风险/问题 应对措施 选址 受政策影响，制氢必须放在化工园区，距离盐矿较远 等待当地氢能产用政策松绑，允许非化工园区绿氢生产；购买氢气先进行储存，验证盐穴储氢可行性 钻井 固井水泥性能不足，氢气逃逸 考虑胶乳、树脂等新型固井水泥的研发 盐穴储氢库对注采能力要求高，而大尺寸管柱组合（生产套管13 3/8″）施工方案未成熟 借鉴金坛压缩空气储能电站所用管柱组合的经验，攻克大尺寸管径组合方案或设置两个井口和注采管 造腔 清水（微生物）、垫层（柴油、氮气）的使用影响储气时氢气纯度 对清水定期进行水质检测，必要时进行水质处理；使用无垫层造腔方法 腔体体积小，储气容量低，建库速度慢 考虑采用小间距双直井自然溶通法造腔 注采完井 传统气密封测试不一定适用盐穴储氢库 采用国外已有的组合气密封测试方法，确定最大允许泄漏率 注采管、井下工具不足以密封住氢气 研发新型阻氢渗透防腐材料，使用金属密封，避免使用弹性密封，减小弹性密封元件厚度 注气排卤 氢气进入排卤管随卤水排出、透过注采管造成环空带压 定期检测排出卤水中氢气含量以及环空压力，安装脱气装置 不压井作业 不压井作业装置本身或受氢气影响造成密封性能不足，氢气逃逸 增加额外的密封部件，减少弹性密封部件的使用，在作业前先用氢气对其进行气密封性检测以及考虑注入一些氮气暂时顶替井筒上面的氢气 运行 注采效率低 钻井时采用大尺寸管径组合，提升注采流量；造腔时采用小间距双直井自然溶通法，实现两个井口同时注采气 监测 已有声呐装置对于盐穴氢气腔的适用性未知 对用于测量盐穴氢气腔的声呐装置进行适当改造，确定在氢气中的声速等关键参数
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