Geothermal geological characteristics, genetic model and resource potential of hot dry rocks in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province
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摘要:研究目的
位于青藏高原东北缘的共和盆地干热岩体是近年来我国内陆地区深层高温地热探测的重要发现之一，其成因机制一直备受争议，是研究的热点内容。现今热状态是盆地地热地质研究的重要内容，对深入理解高温地热分布规律及成藏机理具有重要的意义。
研究方法本文基于地球物理探测和钻井测温资料，分析了共和盆地基底结构特征与高温地热分布规律。采用数值模拟方法，初步获取了盆地近东西向二维温度场剖面，在此基础上，评估了干热岩资源潜力并对干热岩成藏要素进行了讨论。
研究结果共和盆地干热岩地热资源丰富，5 km以浅资源量估算为2.48×1021 J。盆地温度场东西向存在显著差异，变化规律与盆地基底埋深起伏特征相类似，盆地东北部新街—瓦里关隆起带周缘地区具有较好的地热地质条件。
结论在综合前人研究基础上，我们认为，共和盆地深部部分熔融持续供热，放射性花岗岩体增温导热，新构造抬升剥蚀释热控热，沉积盖层保温聚热多种因素的影响，共同导致了盆地现今东西向差异明显的温度场特征和干热岩体的成藏就位。
创新点:（1）结合二维地震勘探、钻井等资料，厘定了共和盆地基底埋深特征，采用数值模拟方法，获取了盆地近东西向浅部地壳二维温度场分布；（2）在系统研究共和盆地地热地质特征基础上，探讨了共和盆地高温地热成因机制，为共和盆地干热岩勘探提供了地质依据。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geothermal geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveThe Gonghe Basin, situated on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai−Tibet Plateau, is a significant experimental area for the exploration and development of hot dry rock (HDR) in China. The formation mechanisms of HDR within the Gonghe Basin remain controversial and have attracted considerable research attention. The current thermal state is of great significance for a deeper understanding the distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of high−temperature geothermal reservoirs.
MethodsIn this study, extensive geophysical exploration and drilling data are integrated to describe the geological and geothermal architecture of the Gonghe Basin. A two−dimensional temperature field profile across the east−west axis is established through numerical simulation. Based on these results, the resource potential of HDR is assessed, and the key factors controlling HDR formation are analyzed.
ResultsThe Gonghe Basin hosts abundant HDR resources, with an estimated 2.48×1021 J within the depth of 5 km. The two−dimensional numerical simulation reveals significant temperature field variations between the eastern and western parts of the basin. The temperature field variations are consistent with the distribution of the basin's basement depth, which decreases from west to east. High−temperature anomalies are observed in the northeastern region, particularly around the Xinjie−Waliguan uplift belt.
ConclusionsOn the basis of understanding the knowledge of predecessors, this paper proposes a comprehensive HDR formation mechanism from the perspectives of geological, geothermal, and geophysical backgrounds. The formation of HDR within the Gonghe Basin is controlled by multiple factors, including continuous heating by partial melting, heating and conducting heat by granite, heat controlling by neotectonic uplift and denudation, and heat preservation and accumulation by sedimentary covers.
Highlights:(1) The stratigraphic distribution within the Gonghe Basin was determined through the integration of 2D seismic, drilling and other exploration datasets , and the two−dimensional temperature field distribution of the shallow crust in the basin was established for the first time by numerical simulation; (2) Based on the systematic study of geothermal geological characteristics of the Gonghe Basin, a genetic mechanism for the high−temperature geothermal resources within the basin was proposed. This mechanism provides a fundamental geological basis for the exploration of hot dry rock (HDR) resources in the Gonghe Basin.
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1 ❶中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心. 2023. 青海共和盆地干热岩调查评价与勘查示范成果报告[R]. -
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图 1 共和盆地区域构造位置图（a）、共和盆地及周缘地貌图（b）、共和盆地及周缘地质简图（c）
WQ—WHS F：温泉—哇洪山断裂；RYS F：日月山断裂；QHNS F：青海南山南缘断裂；GHNS F：共和南山断裂；DHM F：多禾茂断裂
Figure 1. The regional tectonic location map of the Gonghe basin (a), geomorphological map of Gonghe Basin and its surrounding margins (b), the geological map of the Gonghe Basin and its surrounding margins (c)
WQ−WHS F: Wenquan−Wahongshan fault; RYS F: Riyueshan fault; QHNS F: South margin of Qinghai Nan Shan fault; GHNS F: Gonghe Nan Shan fault; DHM F: Duohemao fault
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图 2 共和盆地主要断裂构造及基底埋深等值线图（据中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心，2023
1 ）Figure 2. The buried depth contour of basement and the distribution of main faults in the Gonghe Basin
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图 4 共和—贵德地区已有钻井地层结构及测温曲线
Q—第四纪；N2l—新近系中—上新统临夏组；N1x—新近系中新统咸水河组；T1-2l—早—中三叠统隆务河组；T2-3γ—中—晚三叠世花岗岩
Figure 4. Existing drilling formation structure and temperature measurement curve in Gonghe−Guide area
Q−Quaternary; N2l−Middle to Upper Pliocene Linxia Formation (Neogene); N1x−Middle Miocene Xianshuihe Formation (Neogene); T1-2l−Lower to Middle Triassic Longwuhe Formation; T2-3γ− Middle to Late Triassic Granite
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图 6 共和盆地地震波速度结构（据Jia et al., 2019, 钱辉等, 2001修改）
Figure 6. The seismic wave velocity structure in the Gonghe Basin (modified from Jia et al., 2019, Qian Hui et al., 2001)
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图 8 青海共和盆地干热岩成藏模式图
Figure 8. Genetic model of HDR in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province
表 1 共和主要钻井信息
Table 1 Drilling information within the Gonghe Basin
孔号 经纬度 成井时间
/年孔深
/m基底埋深/m 井底温度
/℃测温类型 东经 北纬 DR1 100°36′45″ 36°14′31″ 2011 1453.58 1354 88 连续测温 DR2 100°36′08″ 36°14′08″ 2012 1852.38 1440.9 99 连续测温 DR3 100°37′06″ 36°15′48″ 2014 2927.26 1340.25 181 连续测温 DR4 100°37′15″ 36°18′02″ 2015 3102 1402 182 连续测温 DR11 100°29′15″ 36°18′45″ 2021 2356 2220 131 连续测温 GH-01 100°38′44″ 36°16′17″ 2019 4002.88 1360 209 连续测温 GR1 100°38'55" 36°15'09" 2017 3705 1350 180/3325 连续测温 GR2 100°41'30" 36°14'09" 2017 3003 940 186 连续测温 GC1 99°50'11" 36°20'32" 1995 5026 - 167 地层随压测试温度 R2 101°24′32″ 36°2′14″ 2010 1709.56 1490.55 97 连续测温 R3 101°23′18″ 36°2′23″ 2012 2701.2 1400 104 连续测温 ZR1 101°18′06″ 36°58′05″ 2014 3050.68 12 151 连续测温 ZR2 101°17′41″ 35°57′54″ 2017 4700 550 205 连续测温 
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表 2 共和盆地不同区域钻井大地热流值
Table 2 Thermal current values of drilling in different areas of Gonghe Basin
钻井编号 地温梯度/(℃/100 m) 热导率/(W·m−1·k−1) 大地热流 数据来源 数据质量 GC1 34.4 1.59 54.7 本文 C GH-01 40.5 2.51 101.6 本文 A ZR1 2.91 2.93 79.5 郎旭娟等，2016 B 注：GC1采用地层随压测试温度计算地温梯度，采用邻区地层热导率计算大地热流值，因此归为C类数据；GH-01井大地热流基于为完井1个月后准稳态测温，及钻井岩心热导率数据，因此归为A类。分类依据参考(汪集旸和黄少鹏, 1990)。
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表 3 模型热物性参数及取值
Table 3 Model thermal property parameters and values
地质体结构 热导率/(W·m−1·k−1) 生热率/(μW·m−3) 沉积盖层 1.59 1.67 结晶基底 2.51 3.20 注：热导率和生热率据(Zhang et al., 2020)，模型上边界地形起伏数据来自30 m高程DEM数据。
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