Research progress and prospect of oxygen isotope technique in soil-vegetation-ecology-environment studies
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摘要:研究目的
氧是组成生命物质的基本元素之一，自然界的氧循环是生命活动的基本保证。氧同位素技术是一种强有力的示踪手段，能够有效指示生物地球化学循环过程，在生态环境研究中得到了广泛应用。
研究方法本文通过查阅大量氧同位素的文献，综述了氧同位素的分馏机制以及在土壤−植被−生态−环境方面的应用。
研究结果依赖于同位素质量比值偏差大，氧同位素可以在自然条件下发生较大程度的同位素分馏。氧同位素的应用主要包括三个方面：（1）示踪环境污染物来源；（2）古环境和古气候恢复；（3）追踪食物（动物）的地理来源。
结论在实际应用中，氧同位素通常会与其他同位素（氢同位素、碳同位素、氮同位素等）共同使用，从气候、植被发育程度和地理位置等方面多维度示踪。今后氧稳定同位素可与树轮、有孔虫、黄土、盐湖等全球变化领域的代用物模式结合，发挥更重要的环境生态学研究价值。
创新点:本文归纳总结了氧同位素在生态环境方面的应用现状以及前景展望，以期为未来氧同位素在土壤、植被、生态环境方面的研究提供参考。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveOxygen is one of the basic elements that make up living matter, and the oxygen cycle in nature is the basic guarantee for life activities. Oxygen isotope technology is a powerful tracer that can effectively indicate biogeochemical cycling processes and has been widely used in ecological and environmental research.
MethodsThis paper reviewes the fractionation mechanism of oxygen isotopes and its application in soil-vegetation-ecological environment by reviewing a large number of literatures on oxygen isotopes.
ResultsDepending on the large isotope mass ratio difference, oxygen isotopes can undergo the greatest degree of isotope fractionation under natural conditions. The application of oxygen isotopes mainly includes three aspects: (1) Tracing the source of environmental pollutants; (2) Paleoenvironment and paleoclimate restoration; (3) Tracing the geographical origin of food (animals).
ConclusionsIn practice, oxygen isotopes are usually used together with other isotopes (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.) to track multi-dimensional climate, vegetation development, and geographical location. In the future, oxygen stable isotopes can be combined with substitute models in the fields of global change, such as tree rings, foraminifera, loess, and salt lakes, and play a more important role in environmental ecology research.
Highlights:This paper summarizes the current status of oxygen isotope application in the ecological environment and its prospect, which will provide reference for future research on oxygen isotopes in soil, vegetation and ecological environment.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
近年来，新疆阿尔金西段萤石找矿取得的重大突破。萤石矿主要分布于卡尔恰尔—阔什区域性大断裂（阿中断裂）以南的晚奥陶世碱长花岗岩侵入体内及其外接触带附近的富钙质岩系中，圈定了卡尔恰尔—小白河沟、盖吉克—亚干布阳、布拉克北—皮亚孜达坂、托盖里克东南—阿其克南4条沿北东向断裂分布的萤石矿带，整个远景区CaF2资源量已达3500万t以上。中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心于2021—2023年对阿尔金西段小白河沟—克鲁求干道班一带开展了矿产调查评价，在小白河沟地区新发现热液充填型萤石矿产地1处，估算萤石的潜在资源达大型规模，对于拓展阿尔金地区萤石矿床具有借鉴意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
在对小白河沟地区以往地物化遥成果资料综合研究基础上，结合本次遥感蚀变异常提取和构造解译圈定了重点工作区，通过开展1∶10000地质草测、1∶10000岩石地球化学剖面测量、1∶500地质剖面测量、槽探及钻探等工作，在小白河沟共圈定萤石矿体21条，实现了找矿突破。通过典型矿床对比，总结了区内萤石矿成矿规律，初步建立了找矿模式，分析了区域萤石成矿潜力及找矿前景。
3. 研究结果（Results）
研究区出露地层基底主要为古元古界阿尔金岩群a岩组和b岩组，二者呈构造面理接触关系。阿尔金岩群a岩组为萤石主要赋矿地层，该岩组出露的岩石类型主要为黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云二长片麻岩、斜长变粒岩、石英岩、大理岩，局部夹有角闪斜长片麻岩（图1b）。区内断裂较为发育，期次较多，主要呈北北东向、北东向、南东东向，南东东向断裂主要与区内的萤石矿化关系密切。地层中岩脉极为发育，在接触带可见岩石具萤石化、钾长石化、碳酸盐化、绿帘石化、硅化等围岩蚀变。
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图 1 区域构造位置图（a）、矿区地质简图（b）、勘探线剖面图（c）及萤石矿岩心（d）Figure 1. Regional structure location map (a), brief geological diagram of ore district (b), prospecting line profile map (c) and cores specimen of fluorite deposit (d)在小白河沟共圈定萤石矿体21条（图1c），长100~1130 m，厚度0.7~4.68 m，矿体沿走向延续性较好，沿倾向呈透镜体状，断续产出，斜切岩体和变质岩，有“膨大缩小”变化，部分呈“透镜体”、“扁豆体”断续分布，主矿体旁侧发育少数分枝。矿体品位23.2%~82.4%，平均品位32.2%，钻孔深部验证效果良好。矿石主要以块状、纹层状为主，主要矿物为萤石，局部发育方解石、带云母和少量石英。萤石以紫色、紫黑色为主，少量呈白色或绿色，具粗晶结构、自形—半自形及他形粒状结构。矿石工业类型主要是CaF2型、CaF2–CaCO3型。围岩蚀变以碳酸盐化、带云母化、钾化、黄铁矿化、绿帘石化、角闪石化等为主。初步估算CaF2资源量117.42万t，具大型萤石矿床远景。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）小白河沟萤石矿是阿尔金西段萤石找矿新发现，这一发现拓展了区内萤石矿向西延伸的空间，同时本次工作区内多数矿体走向和深部延伸均未封边，仍具有较大找矿潜力。
（2）本工作发现了品位较富的大型萤石矿，拓宽了区域找矿思路，具有重要借鉴意义，同时为阿尔金瓦石峡南—卡尔恰尔萤石锂大型资源基地建设提供了有力支撑。
5. 基金项目（Fund support）
本文为中国地质调查局项目（DD20190143、DD20211551、DD20243309）、陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2023−JC−YB−241）、中国地质调查局自然资源综合调查指挥中心科技创新基金项目（KC20230011）联合资助的成果。
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图 1 热液体系中溶解物质之间同位素交换半衰期与pH的关系（据Chiba and Sakai, 1985）
（虚线代表溶解硫酸盐与硫化物之间的硫同位素交换，实线代表溶解硫酸盐与水之间的氧同位素交换）
Figure 1. Relationship between isotope exchange half-life and pH between dissolved substances in hydrothermal systems（after Chiba and Sakai, 1985）
Dashed line represents sulfur isotope exchange between dissolved sulfate and sulfide, solid line represents oxygen isotope exchange between dissolved sulfate and water
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图 2 臭氧形成的同位素分馏（据Thiemens et al., 1983；Thiemens，2006）
（虚线是一条穿过原始氧同位素组成的质量分馏线）
Figure 2. Isotopic fractionation of ozone formation（after Thiemens et al., 1983；Thiemens，2006）
(Dotted line is a mass fractionation line through the original oxygen isotopic composition)
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图 3 迄今已测得的大气MIF组分的三氧同位素组成（据Lin et al., 2024）
Figure 3. Triple oxygen isotope compositions of atmospheric MIF component that have been measured to date（after Lin et al., 2024）
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图 4 天然物质中磷酸盐的氧同位素组成（a）和土壤中不同部分的氧同位素组成（b，据Tian et al., 2020）
Figure 4. Oxygen isotope composition of phosphates in natural substances（a）and oxygen isotope composition of different parts of the soil（b，after Tian et al., 2020）
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图 5 沉积物中不同磷库及潜在来源的δ18OP值（据Yuan et al., 2019）
灰色阴影区表示使用沉积物-水界面季节平均温度数据计算的平衡δ18OP值区（Zeng et al., 2018）；灰色区域虚线之间的面积是根据沉积物-水界面实测温度和孔隙水同位素值计算出的平衡同位素值范围（95%置信度）；浅粉色区域为火成岩/变质岩成因δ18OP值：11 ~ 14.7‰（Jaisi et al., 2010）；浅黄色区域代表磷酸酯中新鲜再生的Pi，δ18OP值在11.90 ~13.33‰之间（计算参考Joshi et al., 2015）；浅青色区域代表化学肥料的δ18OP值总体范围为19.4 ~25.0‰（Gruau et al., 2005; McLaughlin et al., 2006; Li et al., 2011; Gross et al., 2013）
Figure 5. The δ18OP values in different P pools and potential sources in the sediment（after Yuan et al., 2019）
Gray shaded region represents the equilibrium δ18OP values zone calculated using season-average temperature data at sediment-water interface（Zeng et al., 2018）. Area between dashed lines in grey zone denotes the range of equilibrium isotope values (with 95% confidence level) calculated using measured temperature at sediment-water interface and porewater isotope values in June. Light pink field refers to the δ18OP values of igneous/metamorphic origin (11~14.7‰; see（Jaisi et al., 2010）). Light yellow field represent freshly regenerated Pi with δ18OP values between 11.90 and 13.33‰ from phosphoesters (calculated as in Joshi et al., 2015) and light cyan field represents the ranges of chemical fertilizers with reported δ18OP values in overall range of 19.4~25.0‰（Gruau et al., 2005; McLaughlin et al., 2006; Li et al., 2011; Gross et al., 2013）.
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图 6 不同来源硝酸盐氮氧同位素特征值（据Nestler et al., 2011）
Figure 6. Nitrogen and oxygen isotopes signatures of nitrate from different sources（after Nestler et al., 2011）
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图 7 温瑞塘河流域河水、雨水和潜在硝酸盐来源中δ15N-NO3−和Δ17O-NO3−值散点图（据Ji et al., 2022）
AD—大气沉降硝酸盐，NF—氮肥（氨基复合肥和尿素），SN—土壤氮，MS—城市污水
Figure 7. Scatter plot of δ15N-NO3− and Δ17O-NO3− values in river water, rainwater and potential nitrate sources in the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed（after Ji et al., 2022）
AD−atmospheric deposition nitrate, NF−nitrogen fertilizer (ammonia-based composite fertilizers and urea); SN−soil nitrogen; MS−municipal sewage.
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图 8 河水和矿井废水样本δD和δ18OH2O之间的关系（据Li et al., 2022）
MWW01—SW01下游，岩石和熔渣垃圾场的渗滤液（碱性残渣），取决于降雨量；MWW02—SW01下游，MWW01与矿井排水混合废水，大量排入河流；MWW03—受当地渣堆渗滤液和冶炼废水污染的混合废水，旱季无流量，雨季流量较大；MWW04—入河流量大，季节变化小；MWW05—定时入河，无季节变化；MWW06—SW06下游，尾矿库渗滤液。SW01—上游河水，代表了当地的背景；SW06—下游矿山废水排入河流。
Figure 8. The relationship between δD and δ18OH2O of river water and mine wastewater samples（after Li et al., 2022）
MWW01−downstream of SW01, leachate (alkaline residue) from rock and slag dumps, depending on rainfall; MWW02−downstream of SW01, mixed wastewater from MWW01 and mine drainage, discharged in large quantities into the river; MWW03−mixed wastewater contaminated by local slag dump leachate and smelting wastewater, with no flow in the dry season and high flow in the rainy season; MWW04−high volume into the river, seasonal variation small; MWW05−regular flow into the river, no seasonal variation; MWW06−downstream of SW06, tailings pond leachate. sw01−upstream river, representing the local context; sw06−downstream mine wastewater discharged into the river.
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图 9 针叶树稳定氧同位素分馏模型（据McCarroll and Loader, 2004）
Figure 9. Modeling stable oxygen isotope fractionation in conifers（after McCarroll and Loader, 2004）
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图 10 1968—2001年LGB69冰芯δ18O与戴维斯站气温距平5年滑动平均散点图（据张子洋等，2021）
Figure 10. The 5-year moving average scatter diagram of δ18O of LGB69 ice core and temperature departure of Davis Station from 1968 to 2001（after Zhang Ziyang et al., 2021）
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图 11 东亚三个洞穴更新世到全新世石笋δ18O的最新记录
a—Maborishi洞穴（据Shen et al., 2010）；b—葫芦洞穴（据Wang et al., 2001），以及c—Fukugakuchi洞穴（据Sone et al., 2013；Amekawa et al., 2021）
Figure 11. Latest Pleistocene to Holocene records of stalagmiteδ18O from three caves in east Asia
a−Maborishi cave (after Shen et al., 2010), b−Hulu cave(after Wang et al., 2001), and c−Fukugakuchicave(Sone et al., 2013; after Amekawa et al., 2021)
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图 12 不同地层单元湖相碳酸盐岩δ18O和δ13C平均值在现代开放型和封闭型湖泊中原生碳酸盐δ18O和δ13C分布区的投影（据王春连等，2013）
Figure 12. Plot of average δ18O and δ13Cvalues of lacustrine carbonate rocks in different stratigraphic units in comparison with δ18O and δ13C domains of primary lacustrine carbonates in modern open and closed lakes（after Wang Chunlian et al., 2013）
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图 13 盐湖流域不同水体δD−δ18O关系（据付昌昌和刘聪，2022）
Figure 13. The relationship of δD−δ18O of the different water samples in Yanhu Lake basin (after Fu Changchang and Liu Cong, 2022)
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图 14 大气水同位素散点值（据Aron et al., 2021）
Figure 14. Scatterplots of meteoric water isotope values（after Aron et al., 2021）
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图 15 d-excess(a)和Δ′17O之间的相似性（b，据Aron et al., 2021）Fig.15Schematic showing the similarities between (a) d-excess andΔ′17O（b, afterAron et al., 2021）
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图 16 水文循环对氧同位素比值影响的示意图（据Rohling, 2013；李悦等，2016）
Figure 16. Schematic representation of the effect of the hydrologic cycle on oxygen isotope ratios（after Rohling, 2013；Li Yue et al., 2016）
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图 17 抚仙湖Bellamya大贝壳生命周期中单个贝壳系列样品的δ18OAr值以及计算出的沿贝壳生长方向的温度（黑色平滑线）变化（据Roy et al., 2019）
阴影区域表示计算的温度范围
Figure 17. δ18OAr values of serial samples fromBellamya shell and the calculated temperature (black smooth line) variation along the direction of shell growth from Fuxian Lake（after Roy et al., 2019）
Shaded area represents the range of calculated temperature
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图 18 全球深海氧和碳同位素记录（据Zachos et al., 2001）
垂直条粗略地表示了每个半球相对于末次盛冰期的冰量，虚线条表示最小冰覆盖时期（≤50%），实线条代表接近最大冰盖覆盖率（大于目前的50%）。*：δ18O温标是针对无冰海洋计算的[∼1.2‰标准平均海水（SMOW）]，因此仅适用于南极洲大规模冰川作用开始之前（∼35Ma）。
Figure 18. Global deep-sea oxygen and carbon isotope records（after Zachos et al., 2001）
The vertical bars provide a rough qualitative representation of ice volume in each hemisphere relativeto the LGM, with the dashed bar representing periods of minimal icecoverage (≤50%), and the full bar representing close to maximum icecoverage (＞50% of present).The δ18O temperature scale was computed for an ice-free ocean [∼1.2‰ Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW)], and thus only applies to the time preceding the onset of large-scale glaciation on Antarctica (∼35 Ma).
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图 19 川东二叠系茅口组钻井样品团簇同位素对地层温度的热模拟结果（据邱楠生等，2023）
Figure 19. Thermal modeling results of clumped isotope of drilling sample from Permian Maokou Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin on strata temperature（after QiuNansheng et al., 2023）
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图 20 欧洲不同地区牛奶水δ18O（a）及乙醇的(D/H)I（b）随纬度（从北到南）的变化（据Perini et al., 2022）
Figure 20. Variation of δ18O content in milk water (a) and (D/H)I of ethanol(b)of different European regions according to their latitude (from North to South)(after Perini et al., 2022)
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图 21 13种海洋哺乳动物骨骼的δ18OSMOW值箱线图（据Drago et al., 2020）
物种：Tt—拉希尔宽吻海豚、Of—南美洲海狮、Aa—南美洲毛海豹、Pb—方济各海豚、Oo—虎鲸、Pc—伪虎鲸、Dd—普通海豚、Ps—伯迈斯特江豚、Gg—里索海豚、Pd—眼镜江豚、Lh—弗雷泽海豚、Gm—长鳍领航鲸和Zc—库维尔喙鲸
Figure 21. Boxplots of the δ18OSMOWvalues in the bones of the thirteen marine mammal species considered（after Drago et al., 2020）
Species: Tt-Lahille’s bottlenose dolphins, Of-South American sea lions, Aa-South American fur seals, Pb-Franciscana dolphins, Oo-killer whales, Pc-false killer whales, Dd-common dolphins, Ps-Burmeister’s porpoises, Gg-Risso’s dolphins, Pd-spectacled porpoises, Lh-Fraser’s dolphins, Gm-long-finned pilot whales, andZc-Cuvier’s beaked whales.
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图 22 章鱼中碳和氧同位素的箱形图（据Martino et al., 2022）
这些地区从高纬度到低纬度排列，包括TAS—塔斯马尼亚州、VIC—维多利亚州、SA—南澳大利亚州、VIET—越南和INDO—印度尼西亚
Figure 22. Boxplots of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in octopus statoliths（after Martino et al., 2022）
The regions are arranged from high to low latitude and include TAS−Tasmania, VIC−Victoria, SA−South Australia, VIET−Vietnam, and INDO−Indonesia
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图 23 不同地理来源章鱼化学特征的CAP图（据Martino et al., 2022）
TAS—塔斯马尼亚州、VIC—维多利亚州、SA—南澳大利亚州、VIET—越南和INDO—印度尼西亚，南澳样本包括两个物种SA-B和SA-P以阐明物种特异性效应
Figure 23. CAP plot of chemical characteristics of octopus from different geographical origins（after Martino et al., 2022）
TAS−Tasmania, VIC−Victoria, SA−South Australia, VIET−Vietnam, and INDO−Indonesia. South Australian samples includes two species – Octopus berrima (SA−B) and Octopus Pallidus (SA−P) − to elucidate species−specific effects
表 1 常用氧同位素标准样的δ18O值（‰）（据Hoefs, 1997；郑永飞和陈江峰，2000）
Table 1 δ18O values of commonly used oxygen isotope standards（after Hoefs, 1997；Zheng Yongfei and Chen Jiangfeng, 2000）
标准 母质 PDB VSMOW NBS-18 碳酸岩 −23.00 （7.20） NBS-19 大理岩 −2.20 （28.64） NBS-20 灰岩 −4.14 （26.64） NBS-28 石英 （−20.67） 9.60 NBS-30 黑云母 （−25.30） 5.1 GISP 格陵兰冰盖水 （−53.99） −24.75 SLAP 南极洲水样 （−83.82） −55.50 *注：VSMOW表示海水经蒸馏后加入其他水配制成的δD值非常接近SMOW值的水样（Gonfiantini，1978）；括号内表示计算值。 
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表 2 不同来源CO2的Δ17O值
Table 2 Δ17O values for different sources of CO2
CO2来源 Δ17O值/‰ 参考文献 天然气燃烧 −0.34~−0.25（−0.30±0.02） Horváth et al., 2012（λ=0.522） 丙烷−丁烷燃烧 −0.38~−0.29（−0.32±0.02） 汽车尾气 −0.43~−0.24（−0.32±0.03） 木屑燃烧 −0.27~−0.17（−0.21±0.02） 人类呼吸 −0.07~0.04（−0.03±0.03） 稻草燃烧 0.05±0.02 Laskar et al., 2020（λ=0.516） 背景（南海） 0.335±0.034 Liang et al., 2017（λ=0.516）
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表 3 不同流域硝酸盐及氮氧同位素特征值
Table 3 Eigenvalues of nitrate and nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in different watersheds
流域 NO3−/mg/L δ15N-NO3−/‰ δ18O-NO3−/‰ 文献来源 松花江流域 11.43 6.27 3.18 Yue et al., 2014 海河流域 22.96 16.28 5.05 Peters et al., 2019 珠江流域 7.58 6.88 4.31 Ye et al., 2015 黄河流域 19.84 7.26 −0.96 Yue et al., 2017 辽河流域 14.11 9.60 4.35 Yue et al., 2015 长江流域 20.17 8.40 6.27 Wang et al., 2017 淮河流域 10.16 —— —— 毛剑英等，2003
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表 4 两极地区和中低纬度地区典型冰芯定年方法
Table 4 Typical ice core dating methods in the polar regions and at low and middle latitudes
区域 冰芯 钻取年份 钻取深度/
m最老年代
气候记录主要定年方法 参考文献 中低纬度 古里雅冰芯 1992 308.6 约700 ka δ18O、36C1、离子、冰盖流体模型、CH4、粉尘浓度等 Thompson et al., 1997 郭德冰芯 1987 140 约40 ka δ18O、微粒浓度、电导率、离子等 Shi et al., 2001 南极 Dome C 1999—2005 3190 800 ka δ18O、电导率、粒度、粉尘、δD等 Augustin et al., 2004 Vostok 1998 3623 420 ka δ18O、δ18Oatm、流动模型、离子、10Be等 Petit et al., 1999;
Augustin et al., 2004格陵兰 GRIP 1989—1992 2980 约250 ka δ18O、10Be、36Cl、离子、冰层颜色、电导率等 Yiou et al., 1997;
Southon, 2002GISP2 1989—1993 3053 150 ka δ18O、冰层颜色、14C、10Be、电导率等 Alley et al., 1997;
Southon, 2002NEEM 2008 2540 约130 ka δ18O、火山灰、电导率、层位对比法、CH4、
δ18Oatm、物理特征等Dahl-Jensen et al., 2013;
Rasmussen et al., 2013
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表 5 当地大气降水线与盐湖氢氧同位素拟合线关系
Table 5 Relationship between local atmospheric precipitation lines and hydroxide isotope fitting lines in salt lakes
地区 当地大气降水线方程（LMWL） 盐湖氢氧同位素拟合线 参考文献 美国天然湖泊 δD=8δ18O+10
（大气降水线）δD=5.3δ18O-37.91 Brooks et al., 2014 美国内华达州 δD=8δ18O+10
（大气降水线）δD=5.49δ18O-37.1
δD=6.75δ18O-7.69Newman et al., 2020
Springer et al., 2017俄罗斯外贝加尔湖 δD=8.0δ18O+9.2 氯化物湖δD=4.5δ18O-32
硫酸盐湖δD=4.9δ18O-34
苏打湖δD=5.4δ18O-32
新鲜湖泊δD=5.1δ18O-35Borzenko et al., 2022 青海省可可西里盐湖 δD=8.07δ18O+17.74 δD=5.80δ18O-8.42 付昌昌和刘聪，2022 青海省柴达木盆地 - δD=5.0δ18O-25 李建森等，2022 内蒙古哈达贺休盐湖 δD=7.30δ18O+2.14 δD=5.32δ18O-20.08 马正明等，2021 甘肃省苏干湖盆地 δD=8δ18O+10
（大气降水线）δD=6.44δ18O-14.48 Craig, 1961
喻生波和屈君霞，2021内蒙古吉兰泰盐湖 δD=7.9δ18O+8.2 δD=7.54δ18O+1.87 崔蕊等，2019
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表 6 不同体系中三重氧同位素的λobs值
Table 6 λobsvalues of triple oxygen isotopes in different systems
样本 λobs 参考文献 大气降水 0.5273 ± 0.0001 Landais et al., 2010 湖泊 0.5229 ± 0.001 Passey et al., 2019 植物水（茎和叶） 0.5188 ± 0.0004 Landais et al., 2006 雪水、冰水 0.5285 ± 0.00006 Touzeau et al., 2016 地下水 0.5261 ± 0.0001 Bershaw et al., 2020 海水 0.513±0.037 Galili et al., 2022 碳酸盐岩 0.5247±0.0007 Miller et al. 2002
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表 7 常见食物的氧同位素δ18O特征
Table 7 Oxygen isotope δ18O characterization of common foods
种类 地区 δ18O值/‰ 参考文献 苹果 德国 −5.2~−2.9 Gatzert et al., 2021 罗马尼亚 −4.2 Magdas et al., 2012 斯洛文尼亚 −4.8~+0.9 Bat et al., 2016 意大利 +1.1~+3.0 Mimmo et al., 2015 大米 澳大利亚 +33.6 Korenaga et al., 2010 中国 +24.1 Suzuki et al., 2022 孟加拉 +26.6 日本 +23.7 泰国 +24.2 Kukusamude et al., 2018 美国 +21.9 Li et al., 2015 葡萄酒 澳大利亚 +1.694~+14.225 Wu et al., 2019 葡萄牙 +0.25~+7.27 Coelho et al., 2023 斯洛文尼亚 − 8.24~4.31 Ogrinc et al., 2001 奥地利 1.3 Horacek et al., 2021 中国云川藏 −10.148~−4.468 Su et al., 2020 中国河西走廊 +2.054~+6.428 牛奶 斯洛文尼亚 −9.2~−0.04 Hamzić et al., 2020 立陶宛 −7.275 Garbaras et al., 2019 加拿大 −13.5~−5.7 Stevenson et al., 2015 美国 −7.8~−6.5 Chesson et al., 2010 澳大利亚和新西兰 −11.457~−10.747 Luo et al., 2016 中国 −13.658~−12.462
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