Geological support for response and damage reduction in the Earth's critical zone under coal mining
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摘要:研究目的
破解能源安全兜底保障和生态环境保护的矛盾是当前生态脆弱区煤炭资源开发面临重大难题。煤炭资源大规模、高强度的开采在引起地质条件快速变化的同时，也影响着矿区地球关键带结构和功能。地球关键带是指从地下水底部或者土壤−岩石交界面一直向上延伸至植被冠层顶部的连续体域。
研究方法围绕如何理解地球关键带运行与煤炭开发地质条件演化的关系，基于煤炭采动地质条件解析与关键带响应阐明了煤炭开采影响区地球关键带的响应模式、监控技术、预测方法和保障策略及减损工程。立足“煤炭资源开采地质条件演化与地球关键带保护”，从关键带对煤炭开发响应的科学内涵、科学问题、研究思路和保障方案四个方面，系统剖析了煤炭开发地球关键带减损保障的理论与技术。
研究结果关键带对煤炭开采响应研究思路主线是“煤炭采前地质条件和关键带结构及要素→地质条件变化和关键带响应模式及演化状态判识→全时空主被动多源信息响应及动态监控→关键带结构−功能动态演化模型及智能预测评价→关键带减损地质保障策略及修复−重构一体化技术方法”。研究内容包括：（1）查明煤炭赋存的地质结构、水文地质、岩层组合、地应力等开采地质条件因素综合特征，揭示地球关键带和下部煤层、岩层及地下水的空间关系特征，进行对关键带多要素、多模态、多场景的精细表征，形成包括环境承载力指标体系、评价模型和承载力分区在内的快速查询、智能分析数字化平台；（2）解析开采影响下岩（土）层裂隙场与关键带水文循环的连通关系，揭示地质条件和关键带的协同演化机制，提出地球关键带对煤炭开发响应模式的判识方法；（3）研究开采因素下岩层结构、裂隙网络、渗流通道、应力−能量集中特征、物质循环、能量交换与多源信息场的时空演化关系，构建煤炭开发全生命周期下的地球关键带全时空信息响应映射模型；（4）构建煤炭开采全生命周期条件下地球关键带空−天−地−钻（孔）−井（下）的全空间、多方位的多源信息量融合监测体系，形成煤炭开采影响下地球关键带界面结构和运行过程要素监控分析系统，预测分析煤炭开发区地球关键带的结构变化、响应模式、运行过程和生态环境效应；（5）提出煤及煤系资源协同开发、矿井水综合利用、煤炭开发地下空间规模化利用等技术，建立基于多源信息的地质条件和关键带结构监控技术，实现“地质结构条件透明化、损害关键要素数字化、演化过程监控信息化、模型预测智能化、关键带保障技术精准化”。
结论地球关键带地质保障涵盖地质条件、开采模式、监控系统、预测方法和减损技术等方面，追求煤炭安全开采与地质环境保护协调发展，破解资源开发与地质环境制约之间矛盾，完善生态脆弱区煤及煤系资源综合开发和地球关键带功能减损保护及修复重构的理论与技术，为建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会提供地质、力学、物理基础的科学依据，推动煤炭工程实践与安全理论深入发展。
创新点:（1）阐述了地球关键带对煤炭开发响应的科学内涵、科学问题、研究思路和保障方案，揭示地质条件和地球关键带的协同演化机制，提出了煤炭减损开采技术体系；（2）构建了煤炭开发地球关键带减损保障的理论与技术，为破解国家能源需求与环境保护之间矛盾提供战略思考。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveCracking the contradiction between energy security and ecological environment protection is a major challenge for the development of coal resources in ecologically fragile areas. The large−scale and intensive extraction of coal resources not only triggers rapid changes in geological conditions but also impacts the structure and function of the Earth's critical zone in mining areas. The Earth's critical zone refers to a continuous domain that extends upwards from the bottom of groundwater or soil rock interface to the top of vegetation canopy.
MethodsFocusing on how to understand the relationship between the operation of the Earth's critical zone and the evolution of geological conditions for coal development, based on the analysis of coal mining geological conditions and the response of the Earth's critical zone, this paper elucidates the response mode, monitoring technology, prediction methods, guarantee strategies, and loss reduction work of the Earth's critical zone in coal mining affected areas. Based on the evolution of geological conditions for coal resource extraction and the protection of the Earth's critical zone, this paper systematically analyzes the theory and technology of reducing losses and ensuring coal development in the Earth's critical zone from four aspects: Scientific connotation, scientific problems, research ideas, and guarantee plans.
ResultsThe overall approach of the research on the response of the Earth's critical zone to coal mining is structured as "Pre−mining geological conditions and key zone structures and elements → Geological condition changes and the Earth's critical zone response modes and evolution status identification → Full time and space active and passive multi−source information response and dynamic monitoring → The Earth's critical zone structure functional dynamic evolution model and intelligent prediction evaluation → The Earth's critical zone loss reduction geological guarantee strategy and restoration reconstruction integrated technical method". The research content includes: (1) Identify the comprehensive characteristics of mining geological conditions such as geological structure, hydrogeology, rock layer combination, and crustal stress with coal occurrence, reveal the spatial relationship characteristics of the Earth's critical and lower coal seams, rock layers, and groundwater, and finely characterize the critical zone with multiple elements, modes, and scenarios, forming a fast query and intelligent analysis digital platform including environmental bearing capacity indicator system, evaluation model, and bearing capacity zoning. (2) Analyze the connection between fracture fields of rock (soil) layers under the impact of mining and the hydrological cycle of critical zones, revealing the synergistic evolution mechanism of geological conditions and critical zones and proposes methods for identifying the response patterns of the Earth's critical zone to coal development. (3) Investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of rock layer structures, fracture networks, seepage channels, stress−energy concentration characteristics, material cycles, energy exchanges, and the multi−source information field under mining factors and construct the spatial−temporal information response model of the Earth’s critical zone under the whole life cycle of coal development. (4) Construct a spatial and multi−directional multi−source information fusion monitoring system for the space−sky−earth−drill−well under the conditions of the whole life cycle of coal mining, form a monitoring and analysis system for the interfacial structure and operation process elements of the Earth's critical zone under the influence of coal mining and predict the structural changes, response patterns, operational processes and ecological and environmental effects of the Earth's critical zone in the coal development zone. (5) Propose technologies such as collaborative development of coal and coal measures resources, comprehensive utilization of mine water, and large−scale utilization of underground space in coal development, functional reconstruction. Establish a geological condition and critical zone structure monitoring technology based on multi−source information, achieving "transparency of geological structural conditions, digitization of key damage elements, informatization of evolution process monitoring, intelligent model prediction, and precision of critical zones protection technology".
ConclusionsThe geological guarantee of the Earth's critical zone covers geological conditions, mining modes, monitoring systems, prediction methods, and loss reduction technologies. It pursues the coordinated development of coal safety mining and geological environment protection, solves the contradiction between resource development and geological environment constraints, improves the theory and technology of comprehensive development of coal and coal bearing resources in ecologically fragile areas, and the protection, restoration, and reconstruction of the Earth's critical zone functions. It provides a scientific basis for geological, mechanical, and physical foundations to build a resource−saving and environmentally friendly society, and promotes the in−depth development of coal engineering practice and safety theory.
Highlights:(1) The paper expounded the scientific connotation, scientific problems, research ideas and guarantee schemes of the response of the Earth's critical zone to coal development, reveal the co−evolution mechanism of geological conditions and the Earth's critical zone, and propose the technical system of coal loss reduction mining; (2) The paper constructed a theory and technology for reducing losses in coal development in the Earth's critical zone, providing strategic thinking for solving the contradiction between national energy demand and environmental protection
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
近年来，新疆阿尔金西段萤石找矿取得的重大突破。萤石矿主要分布于卡尔恰尔—阔什区域性大断裂（阿中断裂）以南的晚奥陶世碱长花岗岩侵入体内及其外接触带附近的富钙质岩系中，圈定了卡尔恰尔—小白河沟、盖吉克—亚干布阳、布拉克北—皮亚孜达坂、托盖里克东南—阿其克南4条沿北东向断裂分布的萤石矿带，整个远景区CaF2资源量已达3500万t以上。中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心于2021—2023年对阿尔金西段小白河沟—克鲁求干道班一带开展了矿产调查评价，在小白河沟地区新发现热液充填型萤石矿产地1处，估算萤石的潜在资源达大型规模，对于拓展阿尔金地区萤石矿床具有借鉴意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
在对小白河沟地区以往地物化遥成果资料综合研究基础上，结合本次遥感蚀变异常提取和构造解译圈定了重点工作区，通过开展1∶10000地质草测、1∶10000岩石地球化学剖面测量、1∶500地质剖面测量、槽探及钻探等工作，在小白河沟共圈定萤石矿体21条，实现了找矿突破。通过典型矿床对比，总结了区内萤石矿成矿规律，初步建立了找矿模式，分析了区域萤石成矿潜力及找矿前景。
3. 研究结果（Results）
研究区出露地层基底主要为古元古界阿尔金岩群a岩组和b岩组，二者呈构造面理接触关系。阿尔金岩群a岩组为萤石主要赋矿地层，该岩组出露的岩石类型主要为黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云二长片麻岩、斜长变粒岩、石英岩、大理岩，局部夹有角闪斜长片麻岩（图1b）。区内断裂较为发育，期次较多，主要呈北北东向、北东向、南东东向，南东东向断裂主要与区内的萤石矿化关系密切。地层中岩脉极为发育，在接触带可见岩石具萤石化、钾长石化、碳酸盐化、绿帘石化、硅化等围岩蚀变。
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图 1 区域构造位置图（a）、矿区地质简图（b）、勘探线剖面图（c）及萤石矿岩心（d）Figure 1. Regional structure location map (a), brief geological diagram of ore district (b), prospecting line profile map (c) and cores specimen of fluorite deposit (d)在小白河沟共圈定萤石矿体21条（图1c），长100~1130 m，厚度0.7~4.68 m，矿体沿走向延续性较好，沿倾向呈透镜体状，断续产出，斜切岩体和变质岩，有“膨大缩小”变化，部分呈“透镜体”、“扁豆体”断续分布，主矿体旁侧发育少数分枝。矿体品位23.2%~82.4%，平均品位32.2%，钻孔深部验证效果良好。矿石主要以块状、纹层状为主，主要矿物为萤石，局部发育方解石、带云母和少量石英。萤石以紫色、紫黑色为主，少量呈白色或绿色，具粗晶结构、自形—半自形及他形粒状结构。矿石工业类型主要是CaF2型、CaF2–CaCO3型。围岩蚀变以碳酸盐化、带云母化、钾化、黄铁矿化、绿帘石化、角闪石化等为主。初步估算CaF2资源量117.42万t，具大型萤石矿床远景。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）小白河沟萤石矿是阿尔金西段萤石找矿新发现，这一发现拓展了区内萤石矿向西延伸的空间，同时本次工作区内多数矿体走向和深部延伸均未封边，仍具有较大找矿潜力。
（2）本工作发现了品位较富的大型萤石矿，拓宽了区域找矿思路，具有重要借鉴意义，同时为阿尔金瓦石峡南—卡尔恰尔萤石锂大型资源基地建设提供了有力支撑。
5. 基金项目（Fund support）
本文为中国地质调查局项目（DD20190143、DD20211551、DD20243309）、陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2023−JC−YB−241）、中国地质调查局自然资源综合调查指挥中心科技创新基金项目（KC20230011）联合资助的成果。
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图 2 地球关键带岩−土−水的关联性
Figure 2. Correlation between rock−soil−water in the Earth's critical zone
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图 4 煤炭开发及多圈层影响关系图
Figure 4. Relationship diagram of coal development and multi−layer influence
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图 5 煤炭开发地质条件变化与关键带响应研究的科学内涵
Figure 5. Scientific connotation of the study on the geological condition change of coal development and the response of critical zone
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图 6 煤炭开发地质条件变化与关键带响应研究的关键科学问题
Figure 6. Key scientific issues in the study of the geological condition change of coal development and the response of critical zone
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图 7 煤炭开采与地球关键带结构变化
Figure 7. Coal mining and structural changes of the Earth's critical zone
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图 8 煤炭开发与关键带响应研究的逻辑主线
Figure 8. Logical main line of coal development and critical zone response research
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图 10 煤炭绿色开采与地球关键带保护的地质保障总体思路
Figure 10. General idea of geological guarantee for green coal mining and protection of the Earth’s critical zone
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图 11 地质条件与地球关键带调查及表征研究路线
Figure 11. Research route of investigation and characterization of geological conditions and the Earth’s critical zone
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图 12 煤炭开发地质条件变化和关键带响应机制研究技术路线
Figure 12. Technical route of study on geological condition change and response mechanism of the Earth’s critical zone during coal development
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图 13 煤炭开采下地球关键带响应的全时空信息模型
Figure 13. Global spatiotemporal information model of the response of the Earth’s critical zone under coal mining
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图 14 煤炭开采下地球关键带监控与动态预测技术路线
Figure 14. Technical route of monitoring and dynamic prediction of the Earth’s critical zone under coal mining
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图 15 煤炭开发地球关键带预测研究思路
Figure 15. Research ideas for the prediction of the Earth’s critical zone under coal development
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图 16 地球关键带保障策略及工程技术体系研究技术路线
Figure 16. Technical route of the Earth's critical zone support strategy and engineering technology system research
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图 17 煤系资源协同开发与矿井水及地下空间等综合利用
Figure 17. Cooperative development of coal resources and comprehensive utilization of mine water and underground space
表 1 不同地球圈层对煤炭开发的响应（据张甘霖等，2023修改）
Table 1 Responses of different earth sphere to coal development (modified from Zhang Ganlin et al., 2023)
圈层名称 煤炭开发影响 岩石圈 岩层结构/接触关系、埋深/高程、裂隙（孔隙）度、渗透系数等 水圈 存储、循环、蒸发量、水量、水质、水温、pH、TDS等 土壤圈 土壤结构/接触关系、坡度、容重、矿物、含水率、热导率、渗透系数等 大气圈 温度、湿度、降雨、气压、能见度、CO2/CH4/ SO2/ H2S/N2O等 生物圈 生物量、微生物量、多样性指数、光合作用、蒸腾量等 
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表 2 地球关键带监测技术（据朱永官等，2015；吕玉香等，2019修改）
Table 2 Monitoring technology of Earth’s critical zone (modified from Zhu Yongguan et al., 2015；Lü Yuxiang et al., 2019)
监测对象 监测指标 监测技术 气象参数 风速、风向 通量塔、传感器 气温、气压、辐射强度 传感器 湿度、污染情况、干燥度 通量塔、传感器 降雨量、蒸发量 通量塔、传感器 地表及
浅层地下结构地形地貌 卫星遥感、无人机、CCD相机 地表覆盖物信息 卫星遥感、无人机、实地调查 地层结构、水文地质结构 三维激电仪、GEO−PROBE 钻机 河床结构、湖泊底部结构 多普勒河道扫描 深部地质 岩层组合 煤−岩层组合和采空区结构 钻探、瞬变电磁、地质雷达、三维地震 水循环 裂隙网络连及地下水循环 核磁、电法勘探、水压水量水质传感器 地应力 岩层应力及形变 光纤传感器、地应力测试、矿压计 其他 地温、放射性、气体（H2S，CH4等） 光纤传感器、放射性测试、气体分析仪 水 大气水 雨水水化学 雨量计、室内分析测试 地表水 水温、流量、流速、径流深度等 流量/流速仪、声呐 地表水水化学、放射性、悬浮物 传感器、室内分析测试 土壤水 土壤水负压 土壤负压计 土壤含水率 TDR探头 土壤水水化学、放射性 土壤水采样器、室内分析测试 浅层
地下水地下水水位、水压 关键带多水平监测点、传感器 地下水流速、流向 地下水流速流向仪 地下水水温、水化学组分 关键带多水平监测点、室内分析测试 土 土壤 土壤剖面结构 包气带剖面观测点 土壤温度、湿度 传感器 物理特性（孔隙、粒径、热导率等） 土壤采样器、激光粒度仪、CT扫描 矿物组成、有机质及放射性 土壤采样器、XRD、XRF 沉积物 河流沉积物 原状沉积物采样器 物理特性（孔隙度、渗透系数等） 水文地质试验、饱和渗透试验 元素组成与有机质含量 GEO−PROBE钻机、XRF、元素分析仪 气 大气 地表−大气界面气体通量 静态气体箱 土壤气 土壤剖面气体含量、组分、放射性 土壤气体采样器 生 地表植被 植被类型、丰度、结构 无人机、野外实地调查 根系、蒸发量 根系观察仪 微生物 土壤酶含量 化学提取法 微生物类型(水、土) 高通量测测序
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