Modes of occurrence of gold in the Xindigou gold deposit, Inner Mongolia
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摘要: 内蒙古新地沟金矿床为一典型绿岩型金矿。利用显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观察到自然金602粒。研究表明,金的赋存形式主要有包体金、裂隙金、粒间金和连生金。载金矿物以黄铁矿、石英为主,所占比例达到95%;其次是钾长石、绢云母、菱铁矿、褐铁矿、黝铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿等。自然金的粒度主要以显微极微粒金(0.2~5 μm)、显微细粒金(10~20 μm)、显微中粒金(20~50 μm)、显微微粒金(5~10 μm)为主,分别占32.23%、26.91%、20.6%、16.11%;手标本及显微镜下也能观察到显微粗粒金(50~100 μm)和巨粒金(100~200 μm),虽然其含量仅占4.15%,但其面积可达33.97%,对于矿石品位和储量来说十分重要。电子探针和物相分析显示,矿石中金主要以独立矿物存在,包括大量的自然金和少量的银金矿;通过计算表明金的平均成色为803,金矿物的成色和特征反映金矿形成条件为中温和中等深度。Abstract: The Xindigou gold deposit in Inner Mongolia is a typical greenstone belt gold deposit. Microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to study the modes of occurrence of gold. 602 grains of native gold were recognized, including inclusion, fissure-filling, and intergranular and interlocking gold. The gold-hosting minerals are mainly pyrite and quartz, which account for 95% of the total gold-hosting minerals, and minor K-feldspar, sericite, siderite, limonite, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, galena were also identified. On the basis of statistics, the gold granularity is mainly characterized by micro extra particulate (0.2-5 μm), micro fine particulate (10-20 μm), microscopic medium (20-50 μm), and micro particulate (5-10 μm) grained gold, accounting for 32.23%, 26.91%, 20.6%, and 16.11%, respectively. The micro coarse-gained gold which was observed in the sample and under the microscope is relatively minor but plays an important role in the ore grade and total resource. Electron microprobe analysis and phase analysis show that gold occurs mainly as independent gold minerals. The gold minerals are mainly native gold and secondary electrum (the average fineness is 803), which indicates that gold was formed under the condition of medium temperature and depth.
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Keywords:
- Xindigou /
- gold ore deposit /
- modes of occurrence /
- fineness /
- Inner Mongolia
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图 1 大青山地区新地沟金矿区域地质简图（据文献[1]修改）
1—古近—新近系、第四系；2—集宁岩群；3—乌拉山群；4—二道凹群；5—查尔泰山群；6—晚古生代—中生代地层；7—太古宙深成侵入体；8—古元古代侵入体；9—晚古生代侵入体；10—中生代侵入体；11—不整合线；12—地质界线；13—推覆构造；14—断层；15—金矿体（点）
Figure 1. Regional geological sketch map of the Xindigou gold deposit in Daqing Mountain (modified after reference [1]).
1-Quaternary, Tertiary;2-Jining Group; 3-Wulashang Group; 4-Erdaowa Group; 5-Chaertaishang Group; 6- Paleozoic Mesozoic Formation; 7-Archean Plutonic Intrusion; 8-Paleoarchean Intrusion; 9- Late Paleozoic Intrusion; 10-Mesozoic Intrusion; 11-Unconformity; 12- Geological boundary；13-Nappe structure ;14-Fault；15-Gold deposit
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图 2 新地沟金矿脉体及样品手标本特征
Kfs —钾长石；Py—黄铁矿；Qz—石英；Cal—方解石；vein—脉
Figure 2. Photos of vein features and rock specimen in the Xidigou deposit
Kfs-Potash feldspar; Py-Pyrite; Qz-Quartz;Cal-Calcite；vein-Vein
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图 3 新地沟金矿自然金的形态
a—为自然金产出在黄铁矿裂隙中，也有产出在黄铁矿和石英之间；b-为大颗粒自然金被黄铁矿包裹，小颗粒自然金产出在菱铁矿和石英之间；c—为方铅矿被氧化，自然金被铅钒包裹；d—为自然金被褐铁矿包裹；e—为自然金产出在两黄铁矿颗粒之间；f-为自然金呈金脉产出在黄铁矿裂隙中。Py—黄铁矿；Qz—石英；Ser-绢云母；Au—金；Sd —菱铁矿；Kfs —钾长石；Gn—方铅矿；Td—黝铜矿；Le—纤铁矿；Go—针铁矿；Ang—铅钒；
Figure 3. The shape of gold in Xidigou gold deposit
a-Gold embedded in the fissure of pyrite and between pyrite and quartz;b-Gold embedded in quartz and between sericite and quartz; c-Gold embedded in anglesite from oxidized galena;d-Gold embedded in limonite;e-Gold embedded between the two particles of pyrite; f-Gold in vein embedded in the fissure of pyritePy-Pyrite;Qz-Quartz;Ser-Sericite;Au-Native gold;Sd-Siderite;Kfs-Potash feldspar; Gn-Galena;Td-Tetrahedrite;Le-Lepidocrocite;Go-Goethite;Ang-Anglesite
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图 4 新地沟金矿金的形态
a—自然金被钾长石包裹；b—为自然金被石英包裹；c—为自然金被绢云母包裹；d—为自然金被方铅矿包裹，方铅矿与黄铜矿共生；e—为自然金与黄铜矿共生，被黝铜矿包裹；f—自然金与方铅矿、黄铜矿连生，整体被闪锌矿包裹；Py—黄铁矿；Qz—石英；Ser—绢云母；Au—金；Kfs—钾长石；Gn—方铅矿；Td—黝铜矿；Ccp—黄铜矿；Sp—闪锌矿；Sd—菱铁矿
Figure 4. The shape of gold in the Xidigou gold deposit
a-Gold embedded in Potash feldspar;b-Gold embedded in quartz;c-Gold embedded in sericite; d-Gold wrapped by galena associated with chalcopyrite;e-Tetrahedrite wrapping gold associated with chalcopyrite; f-Gold associated with galena and chalcopyrite,which are wrapped by sphalerite;Py-Pyrite;Qz-Quartz;Ser-Sericite;Au-Native gold; Kfs-Potash feldspar;Gn-Galena;Td-Tetrahedrite;Ccp-Chalcopyrite;Sp-Sphalerite;Sd-Siderite;
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图 6 新地沟金矿金矿物分类粒度分布直方图
a—裂隙金粒度分布直方图；b—包裹金粒度分布直方图; c—粒间金粒度分布直方图
Figure 6. The histograms showing distribution of granularity of gold in different modes of occurrence
a-The histograms of distribution of granularity of fissure-filling gold; b-The histograms of distribution of granularity of inclusion gold;c- The histograms of distribution of granularity of intergranular gold
表 1 新地沟金矿部分载金矿物电子探针数据（%）
Table 1 Electron microprobe analyses of parts of auriferous minerals in the Xindigou gold deposit（%）
矿物名称 样品编号 As Zn S Sb Fe Cu Co Ni Ag Au Total 黄铜矿 14xdg-109-q7 0.00 0.04 34.69 0.01 29.87 33.94 0.05 0.01 0.29 0.06 98.96 银锑黝铜矿 14xdg-109-q8 2.39 3.91 23.60 23.03 0.47 29.26 0.01 0.00 16.28 0.07 99.03 黄铁矿 14xdg-8-q2-3 0.00 0.05 53.60 0.01 47.07 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.02 100.82 黄铁矿 14xdg-8-q3-2 0.00 0.03 53.73 0.02 46.52 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.02 100.43 黄铁矿 14xdg-gb8-ql 0.03 0.00 53.70 0.00 46.22 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.05 100.09 注：测试单位：中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所电子探针实验室；测试者：陈振宇。实验条件：加速电压20 kV，电流2×10-8A，束斑5 μm，ZAF修正法，数据为0.00 表示低于检测下限。 
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表 2 金粒度和嵌布特征
Table 2 Granularity and disseminating characteristics of gold
粒级 粒度范围/μm 平均粒径/μm 颗粒数 颗粒含量分布/% 颗粒累计含量分布 /% 显微巨粒金 200~100 100 1 0.16 0.16 显微粗粒金 100~50 64 24 3.99 4.15 显微中粒金 50~20 31 124 20.6 24.75 显微细粒金 20~10 13 162 26.91 1.66 显微微粒金 10~5 6 97 16.11 67.77 显微极微粒金 5~0.2 2 194 32.23 100.00 合计 602 100.00
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表 3 显微金的工艺粒度统计结果
Table 3 Technical granularity and disseminating characteristics of native gold
粒级 粒度范围/μm 平均粒径/μm 颗粒数 面积含量103μm2 面积含量 分布/% 面积累计 含量/% 显微巨粒金 200~100 100 1 5.100 4.55 4.55 显微粗粒金 100~50 64 24 33.058 29.47 34.02 显微中粒金 50~20 31 124 53.549 47.74 81.76 显微细粒金 20~10 13 162 16.809 14.98 96.74 显微微粒金 10~5 6 97 2.839 2.53 99.27 显微极微粒金 5~0.2 2 194 0.824 0.73 100.00 合计 602 112.179 100.00
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表 4 金矿物的电子探针结果（%）
Table 4 Electron microprobe analyses of gold in the Xindigou gold deposit（%）
样号 金矿物 金矿物的产状 Ge Ga S Bi Te Fe Cu Ni Cr Ag Au Hg total 成色 14XDG-8-13-1 自然金 粒间金 0.02 0.15 0.00 0.48 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 7.96 89.72 0.71 99.15 918 14XDG-8-13-2 自然金 粒间金 0.02 0.15 0.07 0.53 0.00 0.06 0.15 0.00 0.02 7.31 90.34 0.91 99.55 925 14XDG-8-1-1 自然金 粒间金 0.00 0.12 0.03 0.44 0.07 1.46 0.00 0.01 0.21 17.06 80.22 1.60 101.21 825 14XDG-8-10-5 自然金 粒间金 0.00 0.12 0.11 0.53 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.96 81.62 0.99 99.53 836 14XDG-8-10-4 自然金 粒间金 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.38 0.04 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.81 79.98 0.77 99.30 818 14XDG-109-6-1 自然金 粒间金 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.42 0.04 0.01 1.92 0.00 0.00 13.80 82.59 0.80 99.91 857 14XDG-8-3-2 自然金 石英包体金 0.03 0.18 0.02 0.51 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 5.90 93.44 0.31 100.54 941 14XDG-8-5-1 自然金 石英包体金 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.47 0.04 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.20 80.20 1.62 100.06 823 14XDG-8-1-7 自然金 石英包体金 0.00 0.12 0.03 0.48 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.01 0.09 6.22 91.21 1.68 99.99 936 14XDG-8-3-1 自然金 黄铁矿包体金 0.02 0.08 0.26 0.49 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.02 0.13 14.85 83.38 0.85 100.51 848 14XDG-8-5-2 自然金 黄铁矿包体金 0.01 0.08 0.07 0.44 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.84 82.00 1.02 99.64 838 14XDG-1690-61 自然金 黄铁矿包体金 0.00 0.10 0.04 0.56 0.00 1.21 0.00 0.03 0.80 11.22 84.11 1.66 99.72 882 14XDG-8-10-3 自然金 钾长石包体金 0.07 0.14 0.05 0.38 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.01 0.00 15.61 81.50 1.19 99.39 839 14XDG-8-10-6 自然金 方解石包体金 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.46 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 82.74 0.97 99.75 843 14XDG-109-3-1 自然金 黝铜矿包体金 0.00 0.11 0.49 0.28 0.15 0.25 0.00 0.02 0.00 16.57 82.44 0.05 100.36 832 13XDG-1690-1 自然金 黄铁矿裂隙金 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.52 89.29 0.00 99.81 895 14XDG-8-2-1 银金矿 黄铁矿裂隙金 0.03 0.11 0.10 0.45 0.03 1.16 0.01 0.00 0.11 17.38 78.48 0.93 98.78 819 14XDG-8-2-2 银金矿 黄铁矿裂隙金 0.00 0.15 0.09 0.42 0.00 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.40 17.33 79.85 0.80 100.40 822 14XDG-8-1-5 银金矿 絹云母包体金 0.00 0.09 0.33 0.29 0.05 0.24 0.00 0.05 0.09 16.92 79.43 1.39 98.88 824 14XDG-8-13-3 银金矿 粒间金 0.02 0.08 4.92 0.32 0.04 5.01 0.00 0.02 0.09 17.06 70.86 0.51 98.92 806 14XDG-8-5-3 银金矿 粒间金 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.25 0.00 3.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 16.82 78.18 1.42 99.81 823 14XDG-109-3-1 银金矿 粒间金 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.23 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.01 44.97 54.48 0.53 100.44 548 14XDG-109-6-2 银金矿 粒间金 0.00 0.05 0.08 0.29 0.07 0.25 0.00 0.04 0.07 47.10 52.00 0.54 100.49 525 14XDG-109-1-1 银金矿 粒间金 0.00 0.03 0.24 0.38 0.13 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.12 46.64 51.73 0.54 100.07 526 14XDG-109-1-2 银金矿 粒间金 0.00 0.08 0.06 0.36 0.05 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.11 19.72 77.24 0.66 99.36 800 14XDG-109-1-4 银金矿 粒间金 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.23 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.88 51.41 0.50 100.20 518 注：测试单位：中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所电子探针实验室；测试者：陈振宇。实验条件：加速电压20 kV，电流2×10-8A，束斑5μm，ZAF修正法，数据为0.00表示低于检测下限。其中25 号样品只测Au和Ag。
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表 5 金物矿物中各元素相关性分析
Table 5 The correlation between the elements of gold minerals
Au Ag Hg Bi Ga S Te Fe Ni Cr Au 1.00 Ag -0.98 1.00 Hg 0.25 -0.29 1.00 Bi 0.40 -0.41 0.50 1.00 Ga 0.65 -0.65 0.20 0.69 1.00 S -0.13 -0.02 -0.19 -0.13 -0.04 1.00 Te -0.60 0.62 -0.42 -0.30 -0.32 0.06 1.00 Fe -0.07 -0.09 0.14 -0.09 -0.07 0.77 -0.15 1.00 Ni -0.08 0.04 0.13 -0.12 0.00 0.15 0.09 0.15 1.00 Cr 0.09 -0.12 0.33 0.35 0.17 -0.01 -0.20 0.22 0.18 1.00
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