Geological characteristics of Wufeng-Longmaxi shale-gas reservoir in the Huangjinba gas field, Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Area
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摘要: 昭通国家级页岩气示范区黄金坝气田是继礁石坝和长宁-威远之后中国又一个在页岩气勘探、开发领域实现重大突破的地区,为了系统地展示黄金坝气田页岩气资源富集的储层条件,为未来的勘探工作提供参考,以五峰-龙马溪组页岩气储层为研究对象,从区域地质条件、储层岩石学、物性和地球化学4个方面对该页岩气储层进行了综合研究。结果表明稳定的区域构造和良好的顶底板条件是黄金坝地区页岩气资源富集的关键,良好的保存条件使储层维持了较高的压力(压力系数>1);较高的孔隙度(平均4%)和TOC含量(目的层>2%)提供了良好的储集空间,使储层具有较高的含气量(1.35~3.48 cm3/g,平均>2.50 cm3/g);天然气地球化学数据表明,区内天然气主要成分为CH4(>97%),其次还含有少量的C2H6、C3H8和CO2;天然气同位素数据表明烃类C同位素组成发生了倒转,表明储层具有良好的封闭性。但储层孔隙系统较为复杂,且非均质性极强,从而导致渗透率较低,在储层改造施工过程中应予以充分考虑。总体上,黄金坝气田具有较好的开发前景,生产测试表明,区内直井压裂产量为0.5×104~3.5×104 m3/d/井,水平井压裂产量可达12×104~40×104 m3/d/井。Abstract: Following Jiaoshiba and Changning-Weiyuan areas, Huangjinba shale gas field in Zhaotong National Shale Gas Demonstration Area is the place where the shale gas exploration and development have received a good achievement. To systemically demonstrate the reservoir conditions for shale gas accumulation in the Huangjinba shale gas field and provide a reference for future exploration, the authors studied the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in detail in such aspects as regional geological setting, reservoir petrology, physical properties and geochemistry. The results indicate that the stable regional tectonics and well-developed roof and floor formations are crucial factors for shale gas enrichment in this region. These good preserving conditions help the reservoir maintain a high pressure (pressure coefficient >1). High porosity (mean=4%) and TOC content (target bed >2%) of the reservoir provide good spaces for hydrocarbons, and cause the reservoir rocks to have high gas values (1.35-3.48 cm3/g, >2.50 cm3/g on average). The geochemical data of natural gas show that the predominant composition is CH4(>97%), with minor compositions including C2H6, C3H8 and CO2. The isotopic data of natural gas show that the C isotopic constituents of hydrocarbons have been preserved, indicating that the reservoir is closed or semiclosed. Nevertheless, the pore system of the reservoir is very complicated and heterogeneous, which leads to the low permeability of the reservoir, and such a condition should be carefully treated during stimulation processes. In general, the shale gas development potential of the Huangjingba gas field is good, and the production test shows that the gas production quantity of fractured vertical well is 0.5×104-3.5×104 m3/day/well, and the quantity for fractured horizontal well is 12×104-40×104 m3/day/well.
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图 1 研究区区域地质概况
a—扬子地台大地构造单元划分及研究区大地构造位置(据❶修改); A—扬子褶皱带; Ac—扬子盖层; Bi—印支旋回以来的盆地; By—燕山旋回 以来的盆地;W—五台褶皱带; Z—中条褶皱带; b—四川盆地及周缘五峰—龙马溪组页岩厚度等值线(据文献[10, 17]); c—黄金坝气田区域地质图(据❷修改; c中的点划线框为黄金坝气田的边界); 1—中侏罗统上沙溪庙组; 2—中侏罗统下沙溪庙组; 3—下侏罗 统自流井组; 4—上三叠统—下侏罗统香溪组; 5—中三叠统雷口坡组; 6—中三叠统嘉陵江组; 7—下三叠统飞仙关—铜街子组; 8—上二叠统乐 平组; 9—上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩; 10—下二叠统铜矿溪—栖霞—茅口组; 11—断层; 12—地层界线; 13—水系
Figure 1. Geological setting of the study area
a-Tectonic division of Yangtze Platform and tectonic location of the study area (modified after ①); A-Yangtze fold belt; Ac-Caprock of the Yangtze Platform; Bi-Basins since the Indosinian cycle; By-Basins since the Yanshanian cycle;W-Wutai fold belt; Z-Zhongtiao fold belt; b-Isopach of theWufeng—Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas (after references [10, 17]); c-Regional geological setting of Huangjinba shale gas field (modified after ②; The dash line frame in c is the boundary of Huangjinba shale gas field); 1-Middle Jurassic Upper Shaximiao Formation; 2-Lower Jurassic Upper Shaximiao Formation; 3-Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation; 4- Upper Triassic—Lower Jurassic Xiangxi Formation; 5-Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation; 6-Middle Triassic Jialingjiang Formation; 7-Lower Triassic Feixianguan—Tongjiezi Formation; 8-Upper Permian Leping Formation; 9-Upper Permian E’meishan basalt; 10-Lower Permian Tongkuangxi—Qixia—Maokou Formation; 11-Fault; 12-Boundary of strata; 13-River system
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图 2 黄金坝气田五峰—龙马溪组地层综合柱状图
Figure 2. Comprehensive column ofWufeng—Longmaxi Formation in Huangjinba shale gas field
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图 3 黄金坝页岩气储层主要矿物组成
a—五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩基质矿物组成背散射电子图像(深灰色为硅酸盐矿物, 亮灰色为碳酸盐矿物, 白色亮点为金属矿物); b—页岩基质 中的自生石英; c—方解石自形晶; d—草莓状黄铁矿集合体; e—部分粘土矿化的钠长石颗粒及伊蒙混层矿物(I/S); ①~④为a和d 中黑十字处 的矿物化学组成能谱图
Figure 3. Main mineral composition of shale gas reservoir in Huangjinba shale gas field
a-Back scattering image of matrix minerals ofWufeng-Longmaxi black shale (e.g., dark gray particles are silicates, light grey particles are carbonates, and bright spots are metallic minerals); b-Althigenic quartz mineral in shale matrix; c-Euhedral calcite crystal in shale matrix; d-Pyrite framboid; e-Partly argillized albite particle and mixed-layer minerals of illite and smectite (I/S); ①-④ are energy dispersive spectra of the cross
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图 4 黄金坝气田五峰—龙马溪组下段页岩全岩矿物组成剖面
Figure 4. Whole−rock mineral composition profile of lower member of Wufeng−Longmaxi Formation in the Huangjinba shale gas field
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图 5 黄金坝气田五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层孔隙度及渗透率直方图
Figure 5. Histograms of porosity and permeability of the Wufeng−Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in the Huangjinba shale gas field
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图 6 五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层孔隙类型
a—矿物粒间孔; b—矿物粒内孔; c—有机质孔
Figure 6. Pore types in theWufeng-Longmaxi shale gas reservoir
a-Interparticle pore; b-Intraparticle pore; c-Intraparticle organic pore
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图 7 黄金坝气田五峰—龙马溪组页岩气储层岩心核磁共振成像(NMRI)及孔隙半径直方图
Figure 7. Histogram of pore radius and nuclear magnetic resonance image (NMRI) of theWufeng-Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in the Huangjinba shale gas field
表 1 黄金坝气田储层含气性及天然气地球化学特征
Table 1 Gas content and geochemical characteristics of natural gas in the Huangjinba shale gas feild
深度/m 含气量/(cm3/g) CO2/% CH4/% C2H6/% C3H8/% δ13CV-PDB/‰ CO2 CH4 C2H6 C3H8 2384 1.43 0.33 97.76 1.83 0.08 -13.9 -27.9 -29.3 -32.9 2393 1.35 0.14 97.59 2.16 0.10 nd. -24.3 -31.1 -32.5 2470 2.46 0.15 97.68 1.99 0.18 -9.7 -25.9 -30.4 -27.8 2475 2.28 0.28 97.72 1.89 0.12 -8.3 -21.6 -30.6 -28.1 2480 2.32 0.32 97.93 1.59 0.16 -7.6 -20.8 -29.7 -28.7 2485 2.78 0.17 97.97 1.77 0.09 nd. -22.7 -31.3 nd. 2490 3.26 0.26 98.24 1.40 0.10 -8.1 -23.6 -31.6 nd. 2497 3.42 0.35 97.52 2.01 0.12 -8.1 -24 -31.5 -28.8 2506 2.86 0.40 98.74 0.68 0.17 -5.1 -21.4 -30.5 -28 2513 3.48 0.38 98.40 1.04 0.18 -7.3 -23.5 -31.8 -28.2 注:"nd."表示数据未检出 
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表 2 美国和中国页岩气储层的基本特征
Table 2 Basic properties of gas shale reservoirs in the United States and China
页岩气区 埋深/m 厚度/m TOC/% Ro/% 孔隙度/% 吸附气/% 含气量/(m3/t) 产量/(104m3/d/井) 黄金坝 2390~2516 32~40 0.6~6.5 2.8~3.0 1.0-7.0 49~82 1.35-3.48 nd. 樵石坝 2313~2595 38-42 3.5 2.2-3.1 1.2-7.2 35~47 0.44-5.19 >6.00 Antrim 183~732 21~37 0.3-24 0.4~0.6 9.0 70 1.1-2.8 0.11-1.42 Ohio 610~1524 9~30 0-4.7 0.4-1.3 4.7 50 1.7~2.8 0.17-0.28 New Albany 183~1494 15~30 1~25 0.4~1.0 10~14 40~60 1.1-2.3 0.11-0.23 Barnett 1981~2591 15~61 4.5 0.5~2.0 4~5 35~50 8.5~9.9 0.85-0.99 Lewis 914~1829 61~91 0.45-2.5 1.6-1.88 3-5.3 60~85 0.4-1.3 0.04-0.13 Marcellus 1219~2591 15~61 3~12 0.4-1.3 10.0 nd. 1.7~2.8 8.78 Woodford 1829~3353 37~67 1~14 1.1-3.0 3~9 nd. 5.7~8.5 1.18 注:礁石坝页岩气田的数据引自文献[10]; Antrim, Ohio, New Albany, Barnett,和Lewis页岩的数据引自文献[25]; Marcellus和Woodford页岩的数据引自文献[36]; Barnett页岩的吸附气含量数据引自文献[26]; “nd.”表示数据未获取。
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