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  中国地质 2016, Vol. 43 Issue (1): 111-119  
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孙崇波, 李忠权, 王道永, 等 哀牢山构造带南段扭只二长花岗斑岩地球化学特征及其锆石U-Pb年代学研究[J]. 中国地质, 2016, 43(1): 111-119. 
SUN Chong-bo, LI Zhong-quan, WANG Dao-yong, et al Petrogeochemistry and zircon U-Pb chronology of the Niuzhi monzonitic porphyry in southern segment of Ailao Mountain tectonic belt[J]. Geology in China, 2016, 43(1): 111-119.(in Chinese with English abstract).  

哀牢山构造带南段扭只二长花岗斑岩地球化学特征及其锆石U-Pb年代学研究
孙崇波1,2, 李忠权1, 王道永1, 许远平2, 李友余3     
1. 成都理工大学沉积地质研究院, 四川 成都 610059;
2. 四川冶金地质勘查局水文工程大队, 四川 成都 611730;
3. 四川冶金地质勘查局606大队, 四川 成都 611730
提要: 本文对云南墨江县扭只二长花岗斑岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学分析。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示扭只二长花岗斑岩年龄为(263.5±1.7)Ma,形成于晚二叠世。岩石地球化学分析显示:扭只二长花岗斑岩SiO2含量为55.30%~74.37%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量2.56%~7.57%,且Na2O>K2O;岩石富集轻稀土,负铕异常明显(δEu:0.74~1.06),相对富集Sc、Co、Cs、As等元素,亏损Cr、Ni、Zn、Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、Ta、Th、U、W等元素。根据图解显示扭只二长花岗斑岩形成于岛弧向陆陆碰撞或者陆弧碰撞的构造环境,表明哀牢山构造带的古特提斯支洋或弧后盆地在晚二叠世((263.5±1.7)Ma)可能已经闭合。
关键词: 二长花岗斑岩    锆石U-Pb年代学    岩石地球化学    同碰撞期花岗岩    
中图分类号:P597.3;P588.13            文献标志码:A             文章编号:1000-3657(2016)01-0111-09
Petrogeochemistry and zircon U-Pb chronology of the Niuzhi monzonitic porphyry in southern segment of Ailao Mountain tectonic belt
SUN Chong-bo1,2, LI Zhong-quan1, WANG Dao-yong1, XU Yuan-ping2, LI You-yu3     
1. Research Institute of sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China ;
2. Hydro-Engineering Party, Sichuan Bureau of Metallurgical Geology and Exploration, Chengdu 611730, Sichuan, China ;
3. No. 606 Exploration Party, Sichuan Bureau of Metallurgical Geology and Exploration, Chengdu 611730, Sichuan, China
Fund support: Supported by China Geological Surrey Program (No. 1212010880406, No. 1212011120582).
About the first author: SUN Chong-bo, male, born in 1985, doctor, majors in structural geology; E-mail:1315333036@qq.com.
Abstract: This study presents bulk petrogeochemistry and zircon U-Pb dating results for the Niuzhi monzonitic porphyry in Mojiang, Yunnan. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results show that the Niuzhi monzonitic porphyry formed in the Late Permian (263.5±1.7 Ma). The Niuzhi monzonitic porphyry is characterized by SiO2 content of 55.30%-74.37%, alkali (Na2O+K2O) 2.56%-7.57%, and Na2O higher than K2O. It is enriched in LREE and Sc, Co, Cs, As, and depleted in Cr, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Zr, Ta, Th, U, W, with negative Eu anomalies (δ Eu 0.74-1.06). According to the diagrams, the Niuzhi monzonitic porphyry formed in the tectonic environment of island arc-continent or continental-arc collision, indicating that the branch of Paleo-Tethys Ocean or arc basin in Ailaoshan tectonic belt may have been closed in the Late Permian (263.5±1.7 Ma).
Key words: monzonitic porphyry    zircon U-Pb chronology    petrogeochemistry    syn-collisional granite    

哀牢山造山带位于特提斯—喜马拉雅构造区与滨太平洋构造区的介乎额部位,兼具印支思茅地块和扬子板块两大构造单元的属性[1-3],而特提斯造山带是研究多个岩石圈块体相互作用过程与动力学机制的经典地区,以发育线延伸的构造行迹和岩浆岩带为特征[1, 4]。位于亲扬子的思茅地块和亲冈瓦纳的缅泰马地块之间的昌宁—孟连带是古特提斯多岛洋格局的主洋盆遗迹分布区,代表了古特提斯的缝合线[5-7],对此认识,目前科学界比较一致,然而,金沙江—哀牢山构造带在晚古生代是否存在古特提斯支洋盆还存在争论,目前主要有两种观点:一种观点认为在金沙江—哀牢山—松马构造带发育了支洋盆[8, 9];而另一种则认为思茅地块和扬子地块在泥盆纪前是一体的,晚古生代两者之间发育了古特提斯洋东缘弧后盆地[3, 6]

基于以上争论及现有对哀牢山构造带火山岩的研究主要集中在中—基性岩石,关于该区花岗岩的研究报道较少[10-11],而花岗岩是大陆地壳的组成部分,是地质学研究的重要课题,是研究地壳演化和古构造的一个有效手段[12-17],本文在前人的研究基础上,对位于哀牢山南段的扭只二长花岗斑岩(图 1)进行了主微量元素地球化学分析及LAICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 定年,进而讨论其形成环境及形成时代以期为认识哀牢山—李仙江—松马构造带的演化提供新的证据。

图 1 区域构造图(b)及扭只地区地质略图(a) Fig.1 Regional structure (b) and geological sketch map of Niuzhi (a)
1 区域地质背景及样品岩石学特征

哀牢山构造带整体呈NW-SE向,北西窄、南东宽,呈“扫帚”形展布于云南省中南部,向东南经元阳和金平县延伸进入越南境内与松马构造带连接,向西北经点苍山与金沙江构造带对应[1, 18]。该构造带主要由四条主断裂及其夹持的三套不同性质的岩石建造组成,断裂自南西向北东依次为李仙江断裂、九甲—安定断裂、哀牢山断裂及红河断裂[4]。哀牢山变质岩系是本区最古老的地层[1],其成了哀牢山的主体[11]。哀牢山断裂带东侧为扬子板块,西侧为思茅地块。

本次研究的扭只二长花岗斑岩位于云南普洱市墨江哈尼族自治县扭只新寨梁子—克施梁子—咪那复向斜内,总面积6.4 km2,岩体呈似透镜状,长宽比大于3:1,其分布受构造控制明显,呈近SN向延伸,侵入中-上二叠统岩层中。岩石呈浅灰白色、灰白色,蚀变后略带浅黄褐色,表面铁质浸染较强。岩石以斑状结构为主,基质细粒结构为主,可见隐晶—微晶结构;斑晶无序,不均匀分布,主要成分中长石(含量≤30,An=30~35、环带内核An=60~63)、暗色矿物、石英及少量钾长石。基质由斜长石(含量25%~70%,An=27~30、个别An=40~60),石英(含量20%~30%)、钾长石(含量20%~25%)及少量绿泥石组成,副矿物为褐铁矿、磁铁矿、榍石、黄铁矿及钛铁矿。

2 样品分析方法

对新鲜的样品通过人工重砂法选出锆石,在双目显微镜下挑选出晶形好、无裂隙、无包体、干净透明的自形锆石颗粒,在玻璃板上将其用环氧树脂固定、抛光,然后进行反射光和透射光照相,并进行CL图像分析来检验锆石内部的结构,以选择最佳分析点。锆石U-Pb 同位素分析在中国科学院广州地球化学研究所同位素地球化学国家重点实验室的ICP-MS Elan6100DRC 激光探针上完成,207Pb/206Pb和206Pb/238U 结果的计算采用GLITER4.0 程序[19],普通Pb校正采用Andersen[20]介绍的方法,样品的U-Pb年龄计算及谐和图的绘制用Isoplot(ver2.49)[21]程序。

全岩的主量和微量元素分析在四川省冶金地质岩矿测试中心的国家重点实验室完成。主量元素分析用Rigaku RIX 2000 型荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析,分析精度优于1%~5%,具体实验流程见文献[22]。微量元素分析用Perkin- Elmer SciexELAN 6000 型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-Ms),分析精度优于2%~5%,详细实验方法见文献[23]

3 锆石U-Pb年代学

扭只二长花岗斑岩样品PM3308Z中锆石呈无色至淡黄色,核部色略深;自形短柱状为主,少数长柱状或近粒状(图 2);CL图像中柱状者多具清晰的震荡环带,部分具边-核内部结构。29个测点中的1、4、6及13为核部,9、19震荡环带不太明显,其余测点均在震荡环带上。28 个测点的206Pb/238U年龄值范围为(255.7~272.2)Ma(表 1),测点24 的206Pb/238U年龄值为286.8Ma。28个测点的206Pb/238U年龄值经加权平均计算,获得锆石206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为(263.5 ±1.7)Ma,置信度为95%(图 3),代表二长花岗斑岩形成年龄,以此确定该岩体为晚二叠世岩浆作用的产物。

图 2 锆石颗粒CL图像 Fig.2 CL images of zircons
表 1 扭只二长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U/Pb同位素测试结果 Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses of the Niuzhi monzogranite porphyry
图 3 扭只二长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图 Fig.3 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams of the Niuzhi monzogranite porphyry
4 岩石地球化学特征

扭只二长花岗斑岩的主量元素含量、CIPW 标准矿物分子及主要参数见表 2。由表可知:SiO2含量为55.30%~74.37%、平均69.38%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量2.56%~7.57%、平均6.13%、且Na2O>K2O。与中国花岗岩[24]比较,具有贫硅钾、富铝铁钙的特点。其CIPW 标准矿物分子中多含C;A/NCK多>1,为铝过饱和型;σ<3.3,属钙碱性系列,AR数值特征也表现为这一特点。根据阳离子参数特征(图 4),岩石投点落于同碰撞(S 型)花岗岩及其附近,在Pearce 图解(图 5)上,投点全部落入火山弧花岗岩区,因此认为形成于碰撞期陆弧环境。

表 2 扭只二长花岗斑岩主量元素(%)和微量元素(10-6)分析数据 Table 2 Major (%) and trace element (10-6) compositions of the Niuzhi monzogranite porphyry
图 4 R1-R2图解(底图据文献[25]) Fig.4 R1-R2 diagram (after reference [25])
图 5 构造环境图解(底图据文献[26]) Fig.5 Diagram of tectonic environment (after reference [26])

岩石的微量元素含量与世界相应岩类比较,具有Au、Hf 相对富集,Sc、Co、Cs、As趋于富集,而Cr、Ni、Zn、Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、Ta、Th、U、W相对贫化的特点。

岩石中大离子亲石元素丰度及稀土元素含量(表 3)变化特点,反映了元素的迁移活动特征。岩石的地球化学型式(图 6)显示出岩石具有Cr 强烈亏损的特点,可能暗示源 区经历强烈分异或属非下地壳-地幔源区。Sr 负异常表明Sr 主要进入斜长石中,并经历结晶分异。Rb、Ta、Yb等元素趋于富集,显示出不相容性。这些元素的变化不仅符合岩浆一般演化规律,而且也表明了各单元之间存在成因联系和演化关系。

表 3 扭只二长花岗斑岩稀土元素丰度(10-6)及主要参数 Table 3 REE analyses of the Niuzhi monzogranite porphyry (10-6)
图 6 稀土元素配分模式图(a)和原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)(标准值据文献[27]) Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of Niuzhi monzogranite porphyry (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram(b)(normalization values after reference[27])

岩石稀土元素含量及参数(表 3)表明:ΣREE低于世界花岗岩,反映源区稀土亏损的特点;ΣREE平均值为89.61,HREE 平均值为14.73,LREE/HREE平均值为5.12。岩石δ Ce<1.0;δ Eu 大多<1,平均值为0.85,具负铕异常。稀土配分型式(图 6)均为富集右倾型。

5 讨论 5.1 扭只二长花岗斑岩形成时代

目前关于哀牢山构造带南段火山岩形成时代的观点还存在争议。云南地矿局(1990)对巴德轰花岗岩体测得黑云母K-Ar年龄为207 Ma及217 Ma[4];刘翠等(2011)对绿春地区的流纹岩所测年龄为247.3Ma[28];云南地矿局(1990)对新安寨花岗岩体研究,认为其侵位于晚三叠世[4],而刘汇川等(2013)对其进行了修正,认为其侵位于晚二叠世—早三叠世(251.6Ma)[29]。本文对哀牢山构造带南段扭只二长花岗斑岩进行的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(263.5 ±1.7)Ma,说明其侵位于晚二叠世,与刘翠及刘汇川所得结果相近。

5.2 扭只二长花岗斑岩显示的构造意义

目前学术界对昌宁孟连带作为古特提斯洋主洋的观点比较一致,对其构造演化的各个阶段也做了大量的研究,如Jian[30]、Li G[31]等。但是对位于扬子板块和思茅印支板块之间的金沙江—哀牢山—松马构造带,在古生代到早中生代是古特提斯支洋还是弧后盆地还存在争议。刘翠等[28]认为绿春地区247.3 Ma 的流纹岩形成于成熟岛弧向陆陆碰撞过渡的构造环境;Zi J W等[32]认为金沙江白马雪山的花岗质侵入体(249Ma)是形成于岛弧向弧陆或陆陆碰撞转化的构造环境;刘汇川等[29]则认为新安寨花岗岩体(251.6Ma)形成于岛弧向陆陆碰撞转化或者陆陆(陆弧)碰撞环境。本文研究的扭只二长花岗斑岩岩体与上述岩体同处于哀牢山构造带中,其形成时代也与之相近,对扭只花岗斑岩体的主量元素组成在花岗岩构造环境判别图上同样投点于碰撞期陆弧环境,说明该岩体形成于岛弧向陆陆碰撞或者陆弧碰撞的构造环境。

前人对哀牢山构造带的古特提斯支洋或弧后盆地做了大量的研究,但在晚古生代到早中生代其构造演化时限仍然不确定。本文研究表明哀牢山支洋或者弧后盆地在古特提斯主洋向思茅印支板块之下俯冲及扬子板块西缘峨眉山地幔柱上侵的动力下,在晚二叠世((263.5±1.7)Ma)可能已经闭合。

6 结论

(1)扭只二长花岗斑岩样品中锆石U-Pb 年龄为(263.5±1.7)Ma,即其形成于晚二叠世。

(2)扭只二长花岗斑岩属过铝饱和型,形成于岛弧向陆陆碰撞或者陆弧碰撞的构造环境,表明哀牢山构造带的古特提斯支洋或弧后盆地在晚二叠世((263.5±1.7)Ma)可能已经闭合。

致谢: 野外工作得到了成都理工大学邓江红、吴德超等教授的大力支持,论文撰写过程中中国科学院广州地球化学研究所陈新跃博士给予了很多宝贵意见和建议,在此表示诚挚的感谢。

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