A discussion on some problems concerning deep exploration of mineral resources in South China
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摘要:
华南是中国近百年内矿产资源开发强度比较高的地区，形成了赣南钨矿、桂北锡矿、湘南铅锌矿等一大批老矿山。随着已探明资源的快速消耗，“深地”探测、深部找矿已是大势所趋。基于对华南不同地区、不同类型、不同企业矿山生产情况的了解，文章对矿产资源的深部探测问题，从探测的目标、理论、深度、程度、效益等诸方面加以探讨，认为：当前技术经济条件下，①坚持国家目标、科学目标和人才目标相结合的原则，宜灵活运用各种成矿理论，充分发挥“五层楼+地下室”等勘查模型的作用，把“层状含矿地质体”作为矿产资源深部探测的主要目标；②坚持从已知到未知和由浅入深的原则，重点在老矿区和浅部地质与矿产资源比较清楚的工作程度比较高的地区优先部署工作，既可以降低风险又可以满足现实需要；③宜坚持点面结合的原则，2000 m、3000 m乃至于5000 m深钻的部署，宜相应地部署在矿床、矿田和矿集区工作程度最高的地区，达到立体探测和“透明化”的目的；④坚持综合评价的原则，综合调查、综合评价、综合研究，学科也要综合，避免单打一，避免单学科冒进。以问题为导向，具体问题具体分析，注意合理的探测深度和工作程度，抓住关键，有针对性地布设工作量，才能取得成效。
Abstract:Based on geological research on different regions of South China, different types of mineral deposits and different kinds of production mine enterprises from 1988 to 2016, the author tentatively discusses some key problems concerning deep exploration of mineral resources in such aspects as the target, the theory, the depth, the extent and the efficiency. Under the current technical and economic conditions, the author puts forward some suggestions:firstly, considering the national goal, scientific objectives and personnel, it is necessary to be flexible in the use of various metallogenic theories, to fully use the "Five levels+Basement" exploration model, and to take the potential bedded orebody and layered ore-bearing geological body as the main target in deep exploration of mineral resources. Secondly, according to the principle'from the known to the unknown and from the shallow to the deep', it is necessary to work in the mining areas especially in the orefields and/or ore concentration areas with relatively high degree of shallow geological work and relatively clear understanding of metallogeny, which can reduce the risk and can meet the practical needs. Thirdly, it is necessary to adhere to the principle that the 2000 m, 3000 m 5000 m deep drilling should be deployed in ore deposits, orefields and ore-concentration areas which have the highest degree of favorable geology and prospect so as to achieve the purpose of exploration. Fourthly, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of comprehensive evaluation, comprehensive survey, comprehensive evaluation and comprehensive study, paying attention to the reasonable probing depth and seizing key problem of deep exploration, so as to avoid the rash advance based on single subject of rash. Only in this way can good results be achieved.
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Keywords:
- deep exploration /
- mineral resources /
- comprehensive exploration /
- deep prospecting /
- South China
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
致谢: 本文虽是笔者在华南地质科研工作多年来的一点体会，也是集体工作的结果，并得到多方面的支持，不罗列而一并致谢。其中部分观点与看法可能存在争议，也请读者批评指正。 -
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图 1 湖南郴州柿竹园—野鸡尾矿区地质简图（据文献[34]修改）
Q—第四系；D3s—佘田桥组大理岩；D2q—棋梓桥组白云质大理岩；D2t—跳马涧组砂岩；Z1—震旦系石英砂岩及板岩；γ 5 2-1—细粒斑状黑云母花 岗岩；γ 5 2-2—中粗粒黑云母花岗岩；γ 5 2-3—细粒(少斑)二云母花岗岩；γπ —花岗斑岩；λπ —石英斑岩(属γ 5 2-1浅成相)；βμ —辉绿(玢)岩；Se—绢云 母岩；SK—矽卡岩；Mb-Sn—大理岩化锡矿带；SK-Bi-矽卡岩铋矿带；SK-W-Bi—矽卡岩钨铋矿带；Gs-SK-W-Bi—网脉状云英岩穿插的矽 卡岩钨铋矿带；*—云英岩化；Qt—石英脉；Mt—磁铁矿。虚线为隐伏地质体界线（由钻孔控制）
Figure 1. Geological sketch map of the Shizhuyuan-Yejiwei ore district in Chenzhou,Hunan
（after [34]） Q-Quaternary; D3s-Mmarble of Shetianqiao Formation; D2q-Dolomitic marble of Qiziqiao Formation; D2t -Sandstone of Tiaomajian Formation; Z1-Sinian quartz sandstone and slate;γ 5 2-1-Fine grained porphyritic biotite granite;γ 5 2-2-Coarse grained biotite granite;γ 5 2-3-Fine (less spot) two mica granite granite porphyry;λπ -Quartz porphyry (genus hypabyssalγ 5 2-1);βμ -Diabase (porphyry) rocks; Se-Sericite rock; SK-Skarn; Mb-Sn- Marble of tin ore belt; SK-Bi-Skarn bismuth ore belt; SK-W-Bi-Skarn tungsten bismuth ore belt; Gs-SK-W-Bi-Stockwork greisen with skarn tungsten bismuth ore belt; * -Greisenized; Qt -Quartz veins; Mt-Magnetite. The dotted line is the boundary of the hidden geological body (controlled by the borehole)
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图 3 “五层楼＋地下室”勘查模型示意图
Figure 3. Sketch map of prospecting model of“Five levels + Basement”
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图 4 江苏栖霞山铅锌矿地质略图及综合剖面示意图[39] （原图无比例尺）
Figure 4. Generalized section of the Qixiashan Pb-Zn deposit in Jiangsu
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