Ore-forming regularity and deep prospecting direction of Nanling Scientific Drilling-1(NLSD-1)
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摘要:
南岭科学钻探（NLSD-1）是目前中国在华南金属矿集区内实施的最深钻探工程，总进尺2967.83 m，揭露金银铜铅锌和钨铋铀各类矿化120余处，矿化层可分为破碎带型、硅质脉型、长英质脉型，以微细脉、细脉、网脉状、浸染状、块状形式产出，其中达到工业品位的矿脉具有3段，多处矿化可侧向追索，具有潜力工业矿体。元素垂向矿化规律上表现为金银铜、铅锌矿化分别以组合形式出现，铋的元素异常与亲硫元素矿化具有明显相关性，其中贵金属矿化异常集中在推覆体内，而钨锡铀矿化向深部有增强趋势，两者在钻孔内具有较明显的岩性地层、构造和岩浆岩的专属性特征。根据NLSD-1揭露的垂向矿化规律，结合区域成矿规律研究成果提出四大找矿方向，即：推覆体内V10~V31向东向深部延展、推覆体下部钨铋多金属矿化、深部3个空间位置可能出现的厚大矿体以及外围高山角-井笔山一带斑岩型-爆破角砾岩型矿化。
Abstract:Nanling Scientific Drilling-1(NLSD-1) is the deepest drilling engineering in South China ore concentration. The total drilling depth is 2967.83 m. 120 gold, silver, lead and zinc, bismuth, tungsten and uranium mineralization spots were exposed. Mineralization can be divided into fracture zone, siliceous vein type, quartz-feldspar vein type, which are produced in such forms as tracing detected very favorable industrial orebody potential. Vertical element mineralization regularity exhibits gold-silver-copper combination and lead-zinc combination. Bismuth anomaly is correlated significantly with the thiophile element mineralization. Precious metal mineralization anomalies are concentrated in nappe, whereas tungsten, tin and uranium mineralization tends to increase toward the depth, with both having specialization in lithological strata, tectonics and magmatic rocks in the borehole. According to uncovered information of vertical mineralization regularity revealed by NLSD-1 in combination with regional metallogenic regularity, the authors propose four prospecting directions:(1)V10-V31 in the nappe that extends to the east and to the depth; (2)Tungsten-tin polymetallic mineralization under the nappe; (3)Three deep spatial positions where thick orebodies may occur; (4)Porphyry-explosion breccia type mineralization in the periphery of Gaoshanjiao Hill-Bijia Hill.
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Keywords:
- Scientific Drilling /
- Nanling /
- ore-forming regularity /
- mineralization zoning /
- deep prospecting
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
致谢: 南岭科学钻探工程由国家深部探测实验研究专项资助、安徽省地勘局313 地质大队负责施工,钻探选址、施工及现场编录过程中克服种种困难和难题,期间得到了裴荣富院士、许志琴院士、杨经绥研究员、董树文研究员、吕庆田研究员、张家菁教授等专家的指导,江西省国土资源厅、赣州市、于都县、银坑镇等各级管理部门和润鹏矿业公司的大力支持,两年余的施工期间一线钻探技术人员和现场编录的同事付出了艰辛的汗水和不懈的努力,限于篇幅没能一一刊名,以此文刊出表示由衷感谢! 审稿专家对论文提出了宝贵修改意见,在此致以诚挚谢意! -
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图 1 南岭科学钻探(NLSD-1)大地构造位置及地质矿产图(据文献[7]修改)
1—第四系全新统~更新统；2—上白垩统周田组；3—上白垩统茅店组；4—下白垩统石溪组；5—上侏罗统罗坳组；6—下侏罗统水北组；7—上二 叠系统乐平组；8—下二叠统并层；9—上石炭统壶天群；10—下石炭统梓山组；11—中-上泥盆系统峡山群；12—寒武系中统高滩群；13—寒武 系下统牛角河群；14—震旦系上统老虎塘组；15—震旦系上统坝里组；16—震旦系下统沙坝黄组；17—青白口纪上施组；18—青白口纪库里组； 19—青白口纪神山组；20—燕山晚期安山岩；21—燕山早期第五阶段花岗斑岩，22—燕山早期第五阶段辉长岩；23—燕山早期第四阶段细粒花 岗岩24—燕山早期第三阶段细粒似斑状黑云母花岗岩、细粒斑状二云母花岗岩；25—燕山早期第二阶段中细粒似斑状二云母花岗岩；26—燕 山早期第一阶段中粗粒似斑状花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩；27—燕山早期第一阶段辉长岩；28—加里东期第二阶段粗粒似斑状黑云母花 岗岩；29—印支期似斑状黑云母花岗岩；30—加里东期第一阶段似斑状黑云母花岗岩；31—加里东期第一阶段石英闪长岩；32—脉岩：玄武岩 (Kβ )流纹斑岩(Kξ )闪长玢岩(Kδμ )石英斑岩(JQπ )花岗闪长斑岩(Jγδπ )辉绿岩(Jβμ )；33—断裂；34—构造窗；35—地质界线；36—整合界线； 37—铅锌矿；38—钨矿；39—金矿；40—银矿；41—、稀土矿；42—铌钽矿；43—铍矿；44—硫铁矿；45—萤石矿；46—砂金矿
Figure 1. Tectonic position (a) and geological map (b) of Nanling Scientific Drilling-1 (modified after reference [7])
1-Holocene-Pleistocene Series of Quatemary;2-Zhoutian Formation of Upper Cretaceous;3-Miaodian Formation of Upper Cretaceous; 4-Shixi Formation of Lower Cretaceous;5-Luoao Formation of Upper Jurassic;6-Shuibei Formation of Lower Jurassic;7-Leping Formation of Upper Permian;8-Lower Permian;9-Hutian Group of Upper Carboniferous;10-Zishan Formation of Lower Carboniferous;11-Xiashan Group of Middle-Upper Devonian;12-Gaotan Group of Middle Cambrian;13-Niujiaohe Group of Lower Cambrian;14-Laohutang Formation of Upper Sinian;15-Bali Formation of Upper Sinian;16-Shabahuang Formation of Lower Sinian;17-Shangshi Formation of Qingbaikou;18-Kuli Formation of Qingbaikou;19-Shenshan Formation of Qingbaikou;20-Andesite of Late Yanshanian;21-Granite porphyry of the fifth stage of Early Yanshanian; 22-Gabbro of the fifth stage of Early Yanshanian;23-Fine-grained granite of the fourth stage of Early Yanshanian;24-Fine-grained porphyaceous biotite granite and fine-grained porphyritic two-mica granite of the third stage of Early Yanshanian;25-Intermediate-fine-grained porphyritic twomica granite of the second stage of Early Yanshanian;26-Intermediate-coarse-grained porphyaceous granite,monzogranite,granodiorite of the first stage of Early Yanshanian;27-Gabbro of the first stage of Early Yanshanian;28-Coarse-grained porphyritic biotite granite of the second stage of Caledonian;29-Porphyraceous biotite granite of Indosinian;30-Porphyraceous biotite of the first stage of Caledonian;31-Quartz diorite of the first stage of Caledonian;32-Dikes of basalt (Kβ ),rhyolite porphyry (Kξ ),diorite porphyrite (Kδμ ),quartz porphyry (JQπ ),granodiorite porphyry (Jγδπ ) and diabase (Jβμ );33-Faults;34-Tectonic window;35-Geological boundary;36-Unconformity 37-Lead-zinc mine; 38-Tungsten mine;39-Gold mine;40-Silver mine;41-Rare earth mine;42-Columbotantalite mine;43-Beryllium mine; 44-Pyrite mine;45-Fluorite mine;46-Alluvial gold mine.
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图 2 南岭科学钻中不同类型矿化岩心照片
a—黄铜矿-黄铁矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿化、硅化破碎带(623.35~624.33 m); b—矿化破碎带中团块状方铅矿、黄铁矿(945.55~945.94 m); c—铅锌矿 化、黄铁矿化破碎带(1733.25~1733.83 m); d—黄铁矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿-方铅矿化石英脉(1166.99 m); e—花岗闪长斑岩中黄铁矿-白钨矿-黑 钨矿-辉铋矿-自然铋-铀矿化石英脉(1667.75 m); f—含炭质泥岩中黄铁矿化、铅锌矿化石英脉(1874.55 m); g—变质沉凝灰岩中黄铁矿化、铅 锌矿化长英质脉(750.55 m); h—黄铜矿化长英质脉(793.22 m); i—黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿化长英质脉(819.59 m)
Figure 2. The photo of different types of mineralized core in Nanling Scientific Drilling-1
a-Chalcopyrite-pyrite-galena-sphalerite altered silicified fracture zone (623.35~624.33 m); b-Lumpy galena,pyrite in the mineralized fracture zone (945.55~945.94 m); c-Pb-Zn mineralized,pyritized fracture zone (1733.25~1733.83 m); d-Pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galena altered quartz vein(1166.99 m); e-Pyrite-scheelite-wolframite-bismuthinite-bismuth-uranium altered quartz vein in the granodiorite porphyry (1667.75 m); f-Pyrite,Pb-Zn mineralized quartz vein containing carbonaceous mudstone (1874.55 m); g-Pyrite,Pb-Zn mineralized quartz-feldspar vein in the metamorphic sedimentary tuff (750.55 m); h-Chalcopyritized quartz-feldspar vein (793.22 m); i-Chalcopyrite-galena-sphalerite altered quartz-feldspar vein (819.59 m)
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图 3 南岭科学钻不同矿物组合的矿化/显微照片
a—黄铁矿化,黄铁矿在石英脉中呈微细脉状(1874.55 m); b—黄铁矿-黄铜矿化,黄铁矿呈半自形-他形粒状,黄铜矿呈他形不规则状沿黄铁矿 晶隙生长(1343.26 m); c—闪锌矿-方铅矿化,闪锌矿与方铅矿镶嵌生长(1067.61 m); d—黄铁矿-闪锌矿化,黄铁矿与闪锌矿呈微细硫化物脉状 (1636.85 m); e、f—黄铜矿-黄铁矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿化,黄铁矿呈自形-半自形粒状,黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿呈他形(2090.48 m); g~j—细脉状黄铁矿-白钨矿-黑钨矿-辉铋矿-自然铋-铀矿化(1668~680 m); k—浸染状白钨矿化(2018.84 m); l—黄铁矿呈不规则粒状,黑钨 矿与白钨矿呈他形交代黄铁矿(1668~680 m); m—自然铋交代黄铁矿,表面氧化呈铁锈红色(1668~680 m); n—白钨矿与黑钨矿交代黄铁矿 (1668~680 m); o—白钨矿交代黑钨矿呈交代残余结构(1668~680 m) Ccp—黄铜矿; Gn—方铅矿; Bg—自然铋; Py—黄铁矿; Qtz—石英; Sch—白钨矿; Sh—闪锌矿; U—铀矿; Wf—黑钨矿
Figure 3. Different mineral assemblages mineralization/microsurgery photos in Nanling Scientific Drilling-1
a-Pyritization,pyrite is fine in quartz vein (1874.55 m); b-Pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization,chalcopyrite is growing along the crystal gap of pyrite in anhedral form with irregular shape (1343.26 m); c-Sphalerite-galena mineralization,sphalerite and galena are mosaic growth (1067.61 m); d-Pyrite-sphalerite mineralization,pyrite and sphalerite are fine veins of sulfide (1636.85 m); e,f-Chalcopyrite-pyrite-galena-sphalerite mineralization,pyrite is euhedral-subhedral grains,chalcopyrite,galena and sphalerite are anhedral (2090.48 m); g-j-Pyrite-scheelite-wolframitebismuthinite- bismuth-uranium altered vein (1668-680 m); k-Disseminated scheelite mineralization (2018.84 m); l-Pyrite is irregular,wolframite and scheelite are anhedral and replace pyrite (1668-680 m); m-Bismuth replaces pyrite,oxidation is rusty red at surface (1668-680 m); n-Wolframite and scheelite replace pyrite (1668-680 m); o-Scheelite replace wolframite which exhibits metasomatic relict texture (1668-680 m) Ccp-Chalcopyrite; Gn-Galena; Bg-Bismuth; Py-Pyrite; Qtz-Quartz; Sch-Scheelite; Sh-Sphalerite; U-Uraniume; Wf-Wolframite
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图 4 NLSD-1孔深0~1500 m矿化元素含量图
Figure 4. Mineralization element content at the hole depth of 0-1500 m in NLSD-1
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图 5 NLSD-1 孔深1500~3000 m矿化元素含量图
Figure 5. Mineralization element content at the hole depth of 1500-3000 m in NLSD-1
表 1 南岭科学钻中部分层位的成矿元素分析结果
Table 1 Metallogenic element analysis results in part of horizons of Nanling Scientific Drilling−1
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