Geochronology, geochemistry and genesis of Na-rich volcanic rocks of the Zhaibeishan copper deposit in Eastern Tianshan Mountains
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摘要:
寨北山矿区海相火山岩为一套富钠的玄武安山玢岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩组合，属于钙碱性系列岩石，具有低MgO（0.51%~5.93%，平均2.54%）、FeO（0.54%~6.39%，平均2.84%）和钛（TiO2=0.09%~1.10%，平均0.58%），富铝（Al2O3=12.23%~17.75%，平均15.20%，A/CNK=0.79~1.42，平均1.11）以及富钠（Na2O/K2O平均为7.30）、富水的特征。火山岩中斜长石主要为钠长石，少量更长石。轻、重稀土分馏较明显（（LREE/HREE）N=3.68~9.00），微量元素显示大离子亲石元素（如Th、U、Rb）、轻稀土的富集和高场强元素（如Nb、Ta、Ti、P）相对亏损的特征。获得矿区雅满苏组钠质玄武安山玢岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为（337.6±3.3）Ma，为早石炭世火山活动的产物。火山岩岩石学及地球化学特征表明研究区钠质火山岩可能形成于俯冲带近大陆方向的岛弧构造环境，是早石炭世洋壳俯冲熔融产生的岩浆在海底喷发过程中与海水相互反应后，经低变质相作用产生的。成矿元素在钠长石化过程中可能被淋滤出来进入含矿热液，后期在适当的温压等条件下沉淀形成本区的矿床。
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关键词:
- 东天山 /
- 寨北山铜矿 /
- 雅满苏组 /
- 钠质火山岩 /
- SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄
Abstract:Marine Na-rich volcanic rocks of Yamansu Formation belong to calc-alkaline series and are dominated by basaltic andesitic porphyrite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite. These volcanic rocks are characterized by low MgO (0.51%-5.93%, averaging 2.54%), FeO (0.54%-6.39%, averaging 2.84%) and TiO2 (0.09%-1.10%, averaging 0.58%) values, high Al2O3 (12.23%-17.75%, averaging 15.2%; A/CNK=0.79-1.42, averaging 1.11), and Na2O (Na2O/K2O 7.30 on average). A majority of plagioclases in the Narich volcanic rocks consist of albite with less oligoclase. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show the fractionation between LREE and HREE ((LREE/HREE)N=3.68-9.00). The volcanic rocks are also rich in LILE (Th, U, Rb) and depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr, Ti, P. The SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating yielded (337.6±3.3) Ma. Based on a comparative study of geochemical characteristics and inherited zircon age, the authors hold that Yamansu Na-rich volcanic rocks were formed in an island arc setting with continental basement and were the products of reaction between erupted magma and convective seawater during the subduction of oceanic plate in Early Carboniferous.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
致谢: 野外工作中得到鑫汇公司宁福泉工程师的大力帮助；实验过程中得到张迪和毛骞老师的指导和帮助；成稿完善过程中承蒙审稿人对本文的仔细审阅和提出的宝贵修改意见，笔者在此表示诚挚的感谢。 -
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图 1 中亚造山带构造简图（a，据Jahn et al., 2000）和东天山地区地质矿产简图（b，据王京彬等，2006改编）
1—新生代沉积盖层；2—二叠纪陆相火山-沉积岩系；3—石炭纪火山沉积岩系；4—奥陶—泥盆纪火山沉积岩系；5—前寒武纪变质岩；6—花岗岩类；7—金矿床；8—铜矿床；9—铜镍矿床；10—铁矿床；11—铜铁矿床；12—银多金属矿床；13—铜多金属矿床；14—铅锌矿床；15—大型矿床；16—中型矿床；17—小型矿床；18—断裂；19—推测断裂；20—剪切带；21—铁路；22—研究区. ①—康古尔断裂；②—雅满苏—苦水断裂；③—阿奇克库都克—沙泉子断裂
Figure 1. Tectonic sketch map of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt (a, after Jahn et al., 2000) and geological map and deposits distribution in Eastern Tianshan Mountains (b, modified from Wang et al., 2006)
1-Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary cover; 2-Permian continental volcanic-sedimentary rocks; 3-Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary rocks; 4-Ordovician-Devonian volcanic-sedimentary rocks; 5-Precambrian metamorphic rocks; 6-Granitoids; 7-Au deposits; 8-Cu deposits; 9-Cu-Ni sulfide deposits; 10-Fe deposits; 11-Fe-Cu deposits; 12-Ag-polymetallic deposits; 13-Cu-polymetallic deposits; 14-Pb-Zn deposits; 15-Large mineral deposits; 16-Middle mineral deposits; 17-Small mineral deposits; ; 18-Faults; 19-Inferred faults; 20-Shear zone; 21-Railway; 22-Study area ①-Kangguer Fault; ②-Yamansu Fault; ③-Aqikekuduke-Shaquanzi Fault
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图 2 东天山寨北山铜矿区地质图
Figure 2. Geological map of the Zhaibeishan copper deposit in Eastern Tianshan Mountains
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图 3 寨北山铜矿岩石标本和矿物镜下特征
a—侵染状矿石；b—脉状矿石；c—石英+黄铜矿脉, 黄铜矿交代黄铁矿呈交代残余结构；Ccp—黄铜矿；Qz—石英；Py—黄铁矿；Spe—镜铁矿
Figure 3. Characteristics of the rocks and microscope photographs of the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
a-disseminated ore; b-vein ore; c-quartz+chalcopyrite vein; d-quartz+chalcopyrite+pyrite vein. Pyrite replaced by chalcopyrite as metasomatic relict structure. Abbreviation:Ccp-chalcopyrite; Qz-quartz; Py-pyrite; Spe-specularite
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图 4 雅满苏组钠质火山岩显微照片
a—单偏光，钠质玄武安山玢岩（Z4728-23），杏仁构造，钠质斜长石中空骸晶结构；b—正交偏光，钠质玄武安山玢岩（Z4728-23），角闪石边部具有钠长石蚀变反应边，中心被钠长石交代溶蚀呈包含结构；c—正交偏光，钠质安山岩（Z4728-3），钠长石交代早期斜长石，基质碳酸盐化；d—正交偏光，钠质英安岩（Z4728-39），钠长石聚片双晶，石英蚀变呈浑圆状；e—正交偏光，钠质英安岩（Z4728-39），钠长石具简单双晶结构，斑晶边部被熔蚀；f—正交偏光，钠质流纹岩（Z4728-16），钠长石斑晶被溶蚀成浑圆状。照片中缩写符号：Ab—钠长石；Qz—石英；Hbl—角闪石；Chl—绿泥石
Figure 4. Microphotographs for textures of the Na-rich volcanic rocks from Yamansu Formation
a-Plainlight, Na-Richbasaltic andesitic porphyrite (Z4728-23), almond texture, central absent skeleton crystal texture in plagioclase; b-crossedpolarized light, Na-rich basaltic andesitic porphyrite (Z4728-23), The rim of the hornblende was albite alteration and the center was dissolved into poikilitic texture; c-crossed-polarized light, Na-rich andesite(Z4728-3), albite altered the early stage plagioclase, groundmass were carbonated; d-crossed-polarized light, Na-rich dacite (Z4728-39), polysynthetic twin, quartzs were resorbed into round shapes; e-Crossed nicols, Na-rich dacite (Z4728-39), albite twins, the rim of the phenocrysts experienced corrosion; f-Crossed nicols, Na-rich rhyolite (Z4728-16), albite phenocrysts altered into round shapes. Abbreviation: Ab-Albite; Qz-Quartz; Hbl-Hornblende; Chl-Chlorite
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图 5 寨北山钠质火山岩长石（a，底图据Smith, 1974）和角闪石（b，底图据Leake et al., 1997）分类图解
Figure 5. Classification of the feldspar (a, after Smith, 1974) and hornblende (b, after Leake et al., 1997) in the Zhaibeishan Na-rich volcanic rocks
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图 6 雅满苏组钠质火山岩中锆石CL图像及SHRIMP测试点
Figure 6. Zircon CL images and the sites of SHRIMP data in Yamansu Formation
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图 7 寨北山矿区钠质火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄直方图和谐和曲线图
Figure 7. Zircon U-Pb data histogram and concordia diagram of Na-rich volcanic rock in the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
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图 8 寨北山铜矿区火山岩TAS图（a，底图据Le Bas et al., 1986）与FAM图（b，底图据Irvine and Baragar, 1971）
Figure 8. Total alkali silica diagram (a, after Le Bas et al., 1986) and AFM diagram (b, after Irvine and Baragar, 1971) of Na-rich volcanic rocks in the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
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图 9 雅满苏组钠质火山岩主要氧化物含量与SiO2含量变异图解
Figure 9. Major oxides versus SiO2 variability diagram of Na-rich volcanic rocks from Yamansu Formation
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图 10 雅满苏组钠质火山岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（a）与原始地幔标准化微量元素配分图（b）（球粒陨石与原始地幔数据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 10. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spidergram (b) (chondrite and primitive mantle data from Sun and McDonough, 1989) for Na-rich volcanic rocks from Yamansu Formation
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图 11 雅满苏组钠质火山岩构造环境判别图
（a、b底图据Muller et al., 1922, Muller and Groves, 1977；c底图据Wood, 1980；d底图据Pearce, 1982）
Figure 11. Discrimination diagrams for tectonic setting of Na-rich volcanic rocks from Yamansu Formation
(a, b after Muller et al., 1922, Muller and Groves, 1977; c after Wood, 1980; d after Pearce, 1982)
表 1 寨北山矿区钠质火山岩斜长石电子探针分析结果（%）
Table 1 Electron microprobe analyses of plagioclase from the Na-rich volcanic rocks in the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
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表 2 寨北山矿区钠质火山岩角闪石电子探针分析结果（%）
Table 2 Electron microprobe analyses of hornblende from the Na-rich volcanic rocks in the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
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表 3 寨北山矿区钠质玄武安山玢岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb同位素分析结果
Table 3 SHRIMP zircon U-Pb isotopic data of basaltic andesitic porphyrite from the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
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表 4 寨北山矿区钠质火山岩主量（%）、微量元素（10-6）地球化学数据
Table 4 Major element (%) and trace element (10-6) compositions of the volcanic rocks in the Zhaibeishan copper deposit
下载: 导出CSV
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