The characteristics and sedimentary model of Storm deposits in the Lower Devonian strata of Beichuan
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摘要:
依据风暴沉积野外剖面实测资料，通过对北川下泥盆统甘溪组和谢家湾组风暴沉积野外剖面结构和沉积演化等的研究，建立了该区风暴沉积序列模式及分布模式。北川甘溪下泥盆统广泛发育侵蚀冲刷面、渠模构造、生物介壳滞留沉积、丘状交错层理和生物成因构造等风暴沉积构造，其中发育3类风暴沉积与7类风暴沉积序列。研究区广泛发育的风暴沉积具有良好的古气候和古地理意义，亦为前人提出的扬子板块北移和北川早泥盆世所处的温暖热带-亚热带气候环境提供了一定证据。
Abstract:Based on the actual measurement data of the storm depositional sections in the Lower Devonian strata of Beichuan and the study of section structures and sedimentary evolution of Ganxi Formation and Xiejiawan Formation, the authors established storm depositional sequences and depositional models of the study area. Storm deposits are widely developed in the Lower Devonian strata of Beichuan, and such geological phenomena as the erosion surface, gutter casts, shell lag deposits, parallel bedding, hummocky cross-stratification, biological genesis structures and other storm sedimentary structures are well developed. In the study area, 3 types of storm deposits and 7 types of storm depositional sequences are developed. The storm deposits in the Lower Devonian strata of Beichuan have good significance for the study of palaeolatitude, palaeoclimate and palaeogeography, because they provide proper evidence for the northward movement of Yangtze plate and tropical or subtropical climate environment of Beichuan area in the Early Devonian period.
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Keywords:
- Longmen Mountain area /
- Ganxi section /
- Lower Devonian /
- Storm deposit
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
致谢: 衷心感谢周洪瑞教授等专家和责任编辑提供的宝贵修改意见和建议。 -
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图 1 甘溪剖面地理位置及地质简要图
(据张立军和龚一鸣, 2013修改)
Figure 1. Geographical location and geological map of Ganxi section
(modified after Zhang Lijun and Gong Yiming, 2013)
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图 2 甘溪组与谢家湾组风暴沉积剖面特征
a—甘溪组风暴沉积野外剖面特征；b—谢家湾组风暴沉积野外剖面特征；c—谢家湾组下部远源风暴沉积野外剖面特征；d—谢家湾组上部近源风暴沉积野外剖面特征
Figure 2. The characteristics of storm deposit sections of Ganxi Formation and Xiejiawan Formation
a- The characteristics of storm deposit field sections of Ganxi Formation; b- The characteristics of storm deposit field sections of Xiejiawan Formation; c-The characteristics of distal storm deposit field sections of the lower part in Xiejiawan Formation; d-The characteristics of proximal storm deposit field sections of the upper part in Xiejiawan Formation
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图 3 甘溪组风暴沉积剖面综合柱状图
Figure 3. Comprehensive stratigraphic column of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation
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图 4 谢家湾组风暴沉积剖面综合柱状图
Figure 4. Comprehensive stratigraphic column of storm deposits of Xiejiawan Formation
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图 5 风暴岩岩性及沉积构造特征
a—甘溪组风暴沉积平行层理段粗粉砂岩，单偏光；b—谢家湾组上部近源风暴沉积砂质生屑灰岩，单偏光；c—甘溪组风暴沉积底部侵蚀冲刷面；d—甘溪组风暴沉积渠模构造内见韵律结构，单偏光；e—甘溪组风暴沉积底部大型渠模构造；f—甘溪组风暴沉积渠模切入下伏丘状层理段；g—甘溪组风暴沉积底部生物介壳滞留层，单偏光；h—甘溪组风暴沉积丘状交错层理段；i—甘溪组风暴沉积丘状交错层理段泥质粉砂岩，单偏光；j—谢家湾组上部近源风暴沉积丘状交错层理；k—谢家湾组上部近源风暴沉积砂质生屑灰岩，单偏光；l—甘溪组风暴沉积泥质粉砂岩中见受生物扰动呈圈层结构，单偏光；m—谢家湾组风暴沉积粉砂岩中见受生物扰动泥质呈斑点状分布，单偏光；n—甘溪组风暴岩底面中见生物遗迹构造；o—甘溪组风暴沉积丘状交错层理段中见生物分支潜穴，单偏光
Figure 5. Lithological and sedimentary structural characteristics of tempestite
a—Coarse silt in parallel bedding section of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight; b-Sandy bioclastic limestone in proximal storm deposits of the upper part in Xiejiawan Formation, plainlight; c-Erosion surface on the bottom of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation; d-Rhythmicity in gutter casts of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight; e-Large gutter casts in the bottom of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation; f-Gutter casts cutting in underlying hummocky cross-stratification section in storm deposits of Ganxi Formation; g-Shell lag deposits section on the bottom of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight; h-Hummocky cross-stratification section in storm deposits of Ganxi Formation; i-Muddy siltstone in hummocky cross- stratification section of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight; j- Hummocky cross- stratification in proximal storm deposits of the upper part in Xiejiawan Formation; k- Sandy bioclastic limestone in proximal storm deposits of the upper part in Xiejiawan Formation, plainlight; l-Bioturbated ring structure in muddy siltstone of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight; m-Porphyritic distribution of mud in muddy siltstone of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight; n-Relic structures on the bottom of tempestite of Ganxi Formation; o-Branched burrow pores in hummocky cross-stratification section of storm deposits of Ganxi Formation, plainlight
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图 6 甘溪组与谢家湾组风暴沉积序列类型
Figure 6. Types of storm deposit sequences of Ganxi Formation and Xiejiawan Formation
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