Magnetite compositions of the iron-rich agglomerates of the Heijianshan iron deposit in Eastern Tianshan Mountains and magmatic-hydrothermal evolution processes
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摘要:
黑尖山铁矿床是新疆东天山阿齐山—雅满苏成矿带中典型的海相火山岩型铁矿床。黑尖山矿床围岩安山质熔岩中发育大量不规则的富铁团块，可分为钠长石磁铁矿型、钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型、钾长石磁铁矿型、绿帘石磁铁矿型和石英磁铁矿型5种类型，可能代表了在岩浆-热液成矿过程中不同演化阶段的产物，对黑尖山铁矿床成矿过程及形成环境有指示意义。本文对上述5类富铁团块中的磁铁矿进行了主量元素分析，为了精确地测出磁铁矿中铁的总量，采用差分法加入不确定的O含量，并加以ZAF矩阵校正。对比5类富铁团块中磁铁矿Ti含量，钠长石磁铁矿型最高、钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型和钾长石磁铁矿型较高、绿帘石磁铁矿型和石英磁铁矿型最低，且Ti含量与Fe含量为正相关关系；绿帘石磁铁矿型和石英磁铁矿型富铁团块Fe含量特征与矿石中磁铁矿Fe含量相近。上述特征表明钠长石磁铁矿类型是残余富铁熔体中最早的结晶产物，钠长石钾长石磁铁矿和钾长石磁铁矿类型具有岩浆热液转变的特征，而绿帘石磁铁矿和石英-磁铁矿类型则是受热液完全交代的产物，说明矿床形成于岩浆-热液成矿作用。各类富铁团块内磁铁矿的Fe含量均大于相对应蚀变环边磁铁矿的Fe含量，表明富铁岩浆结晶与热液活动分异同期发生。
Abstract:The Heijianshan iron deposit represents a typical submarine volcanic rock-hosted deposit of the Aqishan-Yamansu ore belt in Eastern Tianshan Mountains. Abundant irregular iron-rich agglomerates are developed in the brecciated andesite lava (wall rock), and they can be subdivided into five types, i.e., albite-magnetite type, albite-K-feldspar magnetite type, K-feldsparmagnetite type, epidote-magnetite type and quartz-magnetite type, likely representing evolving products of the magmatic-hydrothermal ore-forming process, which can constrain the ore-forming process and metallogenic environment of the Heijianshan iron deposit. Magnetite compositions of the five types of agglomerates were analyzed using electron microprobe analysis. For the purpose of obtaining precise Fe content, the content of undetermined O was added by difference method and the ZAF matrix correction was conducted. The Ti values of the five types of agglomerates display a positive relationship with the Fe values. Magnetite of the albite-magnetite type has highest Ti content, the albite-K-feldspar magnetite and the K-feldspar-magnetite types show medium Ti content, whereas the epidote-magnetite and quartz-magnetite types are characterized by the lowest Ti content. Also, the Fe content of the epidote-magnetite and the quartz-magnetite types is similar to that of the ores. These features indicate that the albite-magnetite type seems to have been the earliest crystallization product from a residual iron-rich melt, the albite-K-feldspar-magnetite and K-feldspar-magnetite types display features of magmatic-hydrothermal transition, whereas the epidote-magnetite and quartz-magnetite types represent products of hydrothermal alteration. The Fe content of magnetite of each type of agglomerate is higher than its content of the corresponding alteration zone, suggesting a simultaneous relationship between the crystallization of iron-rich agglomerates and hydrothermal activities.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
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图 1 东天山地区构造格架及阿齐山—雅满苏弧后盆地铁矿分布图（修改自秦克章等，2003）
Figure 1. Tectonic framework in the Eastern Tianshan orogenic belt and distribution of iron ore deposits in Aaqishan-Yamansu backarc basin (modified from Qin Kezhang et al., 2003)
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图 2 黑尖山铁矿床地质图（修改自新疆维吾尔自治区地质调查院，2003；赵联党等，2017）
Figure 2. Geological map of the Heijianshan iron deposit (modified from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Geological Survey, 2003 and Zhao Liandang et al., 2017)
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图 3 钠长石磁铁矿型富铁团块手标本及显微镜下特征
a—安山岩熔岩中的富铁团块（HJS-4）；b—富铁团块中的杏仁结构及其冷凝边（HJS-4）；c —含有钠长石、磁铁矿、石英杏仁体的富铁团块（HJS-6）；d —具有硅化和绿帘石化的安山质熔岩（HJS-6）(b, c, d均为单偏光镜下成像); Ab—钠长石；Mag—磁铁矿；Amy—杏仁体；BAL—含角砾的安山质熔岩；IRA—富铁团块；Epi—绿帘石化
Figure 3. Photographs and photomicrographs illustrating the features of the albite-magnetite type iron-rich agglomerates
a-Iron-rich agglomerates in brecciated andesite lava (HJS-4); b -Amygdaloidal structure and chilled margin of the iron-rich agglomerates (HJS- 4); c-Iron-rich agglomerates composed of albite, magnetite and quartz amygdale (HJS-6); d-Andesite lava showing silicification and epidotization (HJS-6) (b, c, d are under plainlight); Ab-Albite, Mag-Magnetite; Amy- Amygdale; BAL- Brecciated andesite lava; IRA-Iron-rich agglomerates; Epi-Epidotization
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图 4 钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型富铁团块手标本及显微镜下特征
a—富铁团块附近的石英-绿帘石晶洞(HJS16-1)；b—含有板条状钠长石、细粒磁铁矿、石英杏仁体的富铁团块(HJS16-1)；c—富铁团块(HJS16-1)；d—具有玻晶交织结构的安山质熔岩(HJS16-1)(b, c为单偏光镜下成像，d为正交偏光成像); Ab—钠长石；Mag—磁铁矿；Kfs—钾长石；Amy—杏仁体；BAL—含角砾的安山熔岩；IRA—富铁团块；Epi—绿帘石化
Figure 4. Photographs and photomicrographs illustrating the features of the albite-K-feldspar-magnetite type iron-rich agglomerates
a-Quartz-epidote geode near the iron-rich agglomerates (HJS16-1); b-Iron-rich agglomerates composed of lath-shaped albite, fine-grained magnetite and quartz amygdale (HJS16-1); c-Iron-rich agglomerates (HJS16-14); d-Andesite lava showing hyalopilitic structure (HJS16-1) (b, c are under plainlight); d crossed nicols); Mag- Magnetite; Kfs- K- feldspar; Amy- Amygdale; BAL- Brecciated andesite lava; IRA- Iron- rich agglomerates; Epi-Epidotization
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图 5 钾长石磁铁矿型富铁团块手标本及显微镜下特征
a—富铁团块附近的绿帘石化边(HJS16-11)；b—由绿泥石和少量钛铁矿组成的富铁团聚体中的杏仁体(HJS16-4)；c—安山质熔岩中沿裂隙侵入的富铁熔体(HJS16-11)；d—具有绿帘石化的富铁团块(HJS16-11)(b, c, d均为单偏光镜下成像); Mag—磁铁矿；Kfs—钾长石；Ep—绿帘石；Amy—杏仁体；BAL—含角砾的安山熔岩；IRA—富铁团块；Epi—绿帘石化
Figure 5. Photographs and photomicrographs illustrating the features of the K-feldspar-magnetite type iron-rich agglomerates
a-Epidotization rim of the iron-rich agglomerates (HJS16-11);b-Amygdale in the iron-rich agglomerates composed of chlorite and a trace amount of titanite (HJS16-4);c-Iron-rich melt that intruded along the fractures in the andesite lava (HJS16-11); d-Iron-rich agglomerates with epidotization (HJS16-11) (b, c, d are under plainlight); Ab-Albite, Mag-Magnetite; Kfs-K-feldspar; Ep-Epidote; Amy-Amygdale; BAL-Brecciated andesite lava; IRA-Iron-rich agglomerates; Epi-Epidotization.
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图 6 绿帘石磁铁矿型富铁团块手标本及显微镜下特征
a—富铁团块(HJS16-9)；b—与石英，绿帘石共生的镜铁矿(HJS16-13)；c—具有斑状构造，杏仁结构的富铁团块(HJS16-9)；d —被绿帘石和石英完全交代的钾长石和钠长石(HJS16-13)(b, c, d均为单偏光镜下成像); Mag—磁铁矿；Kfs—钾长石；Ep—绿帘石；Qtz—石英；Spe—镜铁矿；Amy—杏仁体；BAL—含角砾的安山熔岩；IRA—富铁团块
Figure 6. Photographs and photomicrographs illustrating the features of the epidote-magnetite type iron-rich agglomerates
a-Iron-rich agglomerates (HJS16-9); b-Specularite platelets coexisting with epidote and quartz (HJS16-3); c-Iron-rich agglomerates showing porphyritic texture and amygdaloidal structure (HJS16-9);d-K-feldspar and albite completely replaced by epidote and quartz (HJS16-13) (b, c, d are under plainlight); Mag-Magnetite; Kfs-K-feldspar; Ep-Epidote; Qtz-Quartz; Spe-Specularite; Amy-Amygdale; BAL-Brecciated andesite lava; IRA-Iron-rich agglomerates
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图 7 石英磁铁矿型富铁团块手标本及显微镜下特征
a—富铁团块(HJS16-3)；b—富铁团块的核部和边部(HJS16-3)；c—保留玻晶交织结构的被石英交代的板条状长石(HJS16-3)；d—冷凝边(HJS16-3)(b, c, d均为单偏光镜下成像); Mag—磁铁矿；Kfs—钾长石；Ep—绿帘石；Qtz—石英；BAL—含角砾的安山熔岩；IRA—富铁团块
Figure 7. Photographs and photomicrographs illustrating the features of the quartz-magnetite type iron-rich agglomerates
a-Iron-rich agglomerates (HJS16-3); b-Core and rim of iron-rich agglomerates (HJS16-3);c-Lath-shaped feldspar replaced by quartz with hyalopilitic structure retained (HJS16-3); d -Chilled margin (HJS16-3) (b, c, d are under plainlight); Mag-Magnetite; Kfs-K-feldspar; EpEpidote; Qtz-Quartz; BAL-Brecciated andesite lava; IRA-Iron-rich agglomerates
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图 8 黑尖山矿床富铁团块电子探针分析特征（背散射显微成像）
Figure 8. Characteristics of iron-rich agglomerates in the Heijianshan deposit by electron microprobe analysis (backscatter microscopic imaging)
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图 9 富铁团块内磁铁矿主量元素成分蛛网图
IOCG，Kiruna，BIF，Skarn数据来自Dupuis and Beaudoin (2011)；AM—钠长石磁铁矿型；AKM—钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型；KM—钾长石磁铁矿型；EM—绿帘石磁铁矿型；QM—石英磁铁矿型
Figure 9. Multi-element diagram for the magnetite of iron-rich agglomerates in the Heijianshan deposit
IOCG, Kiruna, BIF, Skarn from Dupuis and Beaudoin (2011); AMAlbite-magnetite type; AKM-Albite-K-feldspar-magnetite type; KM-K-feldspar-magnetite type; EM-Epidote-magnetite type; QM-Quartz-magnetite type
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图 10 富铁团块内磁铁矿与黑尖山矿床磁铁矿成分对比
黑尖山磁铁矿成分数据来自Zhao et al. (2016)；AM—钠长石磁铁矿型; AKM—钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型; KM—钾长石磁铁矿型; EM—绿帘石磁铁矿型; QM—石英磁铁矿型; MOM—含假象磁铁矿的块状矿石; MOS—含硫化物的块状矿石; DO—浸染状矿石
Figure 10. Comparison of magnetite compositions between magnetite in iron-rich agglomerates and ore in the Heijianshan deposit
Comparison of magnetite compositions in Heijianshan deposit after Zhao et al. (2016); AM-Albite-magnetite type; AKM-Albite-Kfeldspar-magnetite type; KM-K-feldspar-magnetite type; EMEpidote-magnetite type; QM-Quartz-magnetite type; MOMMassive ore with mushketovite; MOS-Massive ore with sulfides; DO-Disseminated ore
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图 11 黑尖山铁矿床富铁团块核部磁铁矿和雅满苏铁矿床富铁碎屑中的磁铁矿成分对比
雅满苏铁矿床富铁碎屑中的磁铁矿成分来自Li et al. (2015)；AM—钠长石磁铁矿型; AKM—钠长石钾长石磁铁矿型; KM—钾长石磁铁矿型; EM—绿帘石磁铁矿型; QM—石英磁铁矿型; OIO—更长石铁氧化物型; OAIO—更长石钠长石铁氧化物型; AIO—钠长石铁氧化物型; AKIO—钠长石钾长石铁氧化物型; KIO—钾长石铁氧化物型
Figure 11. Comparison of magnetite compositions in iron-rich agglomerates of the Heijianshan iron deposit and in iron-rich fragments of the Yamansu iron deposit
Comparison of magnetite compositions in iron- rich fragments of the Yamansu iron deposit after Li et al. (2015); AM- Albite- magnetite type, AKM-Albite-K-feldspar-magnetite type; KM-K-feldspar-magnetite type; EM-Epidote-magnetite type; QM-Quartz-magnetite type; OIOOligoclase-iron oxide type; OAIO-Oligoclase-albite-iron oxide type; AIO-Albite-iron oxide type; AKIO-Albite-K-feldspar-iron oxide type; KIO-K-feldspar-iron oxide type
表 1 黑尖山铁矿床富铁团块磁铁矿电子探针测试成分（%）
Table 1 Major element analyses (EMPA) for magnetite from iron-rich agglomerates in the Heijianshan iron deposit(%)
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