The role of viruses and bacteria and other microorganisms in the history of the earth biological evolution
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摘要:
病毒与细菌统称为微生物。病毒与细菌之害是生物生存遭遇到的最大的灾害，不仅在人类社会历史上留下了深重灾难，而且在地球生物演化史上也是大灭绝的重要推手。虽然病毒和细菌难以形成实体化石，但却以一种特殊的分子化石成为了侦探地质时期生物大灭绝的神针。本文以地球微生物学为指导，以蓝细菌和绿硫细菌分子化石为例，综合有关研究成果，解读了微生物学、病毒和细菌以及微生物岩的有关知识，帮助人们认识地球生物演化史上二次重要的大灭绝事件。本文还从人类演化过程中的农业革命，阐明了人菌共生关系及带来的启示。
Abstract:Viruses and bacteria are generally called microorganisms. The disaster of viruses and bacteria is the biggest one encountered by living creatures. It not only has left a serious disaster in the history of human society but also has been an important promoter of the mass extinction in the history of the evolution of the Earth's life. Although it is difficult for viruses and bacteria to form solid fossils, a special molecular fossil has become a magic needle for the detection of biological extinction in geological times. With earth microbiology as the guide and cyanobacteria and green sulfur bacteria molecular fossils as the study case, the authors comprehensively explained relevant research results and interpreted the relevant knowledge of microbiology, viruses and bacteria, and microbial rocks, thus helping people understand the two most important events of mass extinction in the history of the earth's biological evolution. This paper also clarifies the association relationship between human and fungus based on the enlightenment from the agricultural revolution in the process of human evolution.
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Keywords:
- viruses /
- bacteria /
- microbiology /
- biological evolution /
- mass extinction /
- green sulfur bacteria /
- cyanobacteria
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
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图 4 叠层石（引自https://image.baidu.com/）
Figure 4. Stromatolite(after https://image.baidu.com/)
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图 5 蓝细菌（引自https://image.baidu.com/）
Figure 5. Cyanobacteria (after https://image.baidu.com/)
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图 6 二叠纪生物（引自https://image.baidu.com/）
Figure 6. Permian creatures (after https://image.baidu.com/)
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图 7 二叠纪末生物大灭绝（引自https://image.baidu.com/）
Figure 7. Biological extinction in the late Permian (after https://image.baidu.com/)
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图 8 农业革命开始的驯养家畜（引自https://image.baidu.com/search/）
Figure 8. Domesticated domestic animals at the beginning of the agricultural revolution(after https://image.baidu.com/search/)
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图 9 人与新冠病毒（引自https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200221A02ZBM00）
Figure 9. Human and novel coronavirus (COVID -19)(after https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20200221A02ZBM00)
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