Genesis and paleoenvironment of the iron ooids from the Ganxi prolife of the Devonian Yangmaba Formation in Beichuan County, Longmenshan Area
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摘要:
龙门山区中泥盆统养马坝组底部发育丰富的铁质鲕粒。为分析该铁质鲕粒成因，本文以甘溪石沟里剖面精细实测为基础，通过详细的薄片和扫描电镜等分析，对铁质鲕粒的特征进行了研究，分析结果表明：龙门山区北川甘溪泥盆系养马坝组鲕粒类型多样，鲕粒核心包括石英碎屑颗粒、海百合碎片、黑色赤铁矿和方解石等4种类型，鲕粒圈层可分为明暗相间圈层、颜色均匀圈层和绿泥石圈层等3种类型。根据鲕粒核心和外部圈层的组合，可将甘溪泥盆系养马坝组的铁质鲕粒划分为粉砂质鲕粒、铁化鲕粒和绿泥石薄皮鲕粒等3种类型。龙门山区北川甘溪泥盆系养马坝组铁质鲕粒对古环境具有重要的指示意义，粉砂质鲕粒形成于开放近岸浅海氧化环境，而铁化鲕粒和绿泥石薄皮鲕粒则指示浅海滨岸中相对封闭的泻湖与残积鲕粒滩环境。
Abstract:There exist abundant iron ooids at the bottom of the Middle Devonian Yangmaba Formation in the Longmenshan area. In order to analyze the genesis of the iron ooids, their characteristics were studied by means of thin section and scanning electron microscope based on the detailed measurement of the Shiligou Profile in Ganxi village. The analysis results show that there are various types of ooids in Middle Devonian Yangmaba Formation of Longmenshan area. The ooidal cores include four types:quartz clastic particles, crinoid fragments, black hematite and calcite. The outer laminas of ooids can be divided into three types:alternate dark and bright one, uniform-colored one and chlorite-fragmented one. The iron ooids of Middle Devonian Yangmaba Formation in the Longmenshan area have an important significance to the ancient environment. The silty ooids were formed in the open environment nearshore shallow water under oxidation condition, and iron ones and chlorite ones with thin layers were deposited in the relatively closed lagoon and residual ooids beach of shallow seashore.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
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图 1 石沟里养马坝组剖面位置图
Figure 1. Location of the Ganxi profile from the Yangmaba Formation in Shigouli
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图 2 龙门山区石沟里养马坝组沉积综合柱状图（据侯鸿飞等，1988；郑荣才等，2016等文献修编）
Figure 2. Stratigraphic column of the Yangmaba Formation in the Shigouli profile, Longmenshan area, Sichuan Basin (modified from Hou et al., 1988; Zheng et al., 2016)
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图 3 龙门山区石沟里养马坝组铁质鲕粒富集层综合柱状图
Figure 3. Column of iron ooids-enriched layer within the Yangmaba Formation of the Shigouli profile, Longmenshan area
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图 4 龙门山区石沟里养马坝组铁质鲕粒岩石特征照片
a—铁质鲕粒灰岩，野外宏观照片，可见红色鲕粒赤铁矿呈透镜状分布于生屑灰岩，第7层；b—鲕粒生屑灰岩，鲕粒呈球状、椭球状，SEM，N-2；c—鲕粒生屑灰岩，真鲕，核心为单晶石英颗粒，少量铁质，沿鲕粒纹层分布，N-2；圆形鲕粒，N-1；鲕粒形态，SEM，N-2；d—粉砂质鲕粒生屑灰岩，真鲕，核心为多晶石英颗粒，基质中分布石英颗粒，正交偏光下鲕粒呈十字消光，N-1；e—鲕粒生屑灰岩，海百合核心，绿泥石纹层，薄皮鲕，B1-2；f—生屑鲕粒灰岩，鲕粒核心为海百合碎片，薄皮鲕，纹层成分绿泥石质，基质为黑褐色赤铁矿，N-4；g—生屑鲕粒灰岩，鲕粒核心为海百合碎片和赤铁矿，薄皮鲕，纹层成分绿泥石质，基质为黑褐色赤铁矿，N-4；h—生屑鲕粒灰岩，真鲕，鲕粒核心不明显，B1-3；i—生屑鲕粒灰岩，铁质含量丰富，沿鲕粒纹层分布，B1-3；j—生屑鲕粒灰岩，铁质鲕粒，海百合内充填铁质，B1-3；k—生屑鲕粒灰岩，铁质鲕粒，海百合内充填铁质，B1-3；l—生屑鲕粒灰岩，鲕粒核心为海百合碎片和赤铁矿，薄皮鲕，纹层成分绿泥石质，基质为黑褐色赤铁矿，B2-2-1
Figure 4. Photos of rocks with iron ooids from the Shigouli profile in the Yangma Formation, Longmenshan area
a- Ferric oolitic limestone. In the field macroscopic photos, it can be seen that red oolitic hematite is distributed lenticular in bioclastic limestone, the 7th layer; b-Bioclastic oolitic limestone, globular and ellipsoidal oolitic, SEM, N-2; c-Bioclastic oolitic limestone, true oolite, core is single crystal quartz grain, a small amount of iron distributed along oolitic striatum, N-2; Round oolite, N -1; Oolite morphology, SEM, N-2; d-Silt-bioclastic oolitic limestone, true oolite, core is polycrystalline quartz grain, quartz grain distribution in the matrix, cross extinction under orthogonal polarization, N-1; e- o Bioclastic oolitic limestone, core of crinoids, chloritic stromatolite, thin-skinned oolite, b1-2; f-Bioclastic oolitic limestone, oolitic core is fragments of crinoids, thin-skinned oolitic, striatum composition is chloritic, matrix is black brown hematite, n-4; g- Bioclastic oolitic limestone, oolitic core is crinoids fragments and hematite, thin crust oolitic, striatum composition is chloritic, matrix is black brown hematite, N-4; hBioclastic oolitic limestone, true oolite, oolitic core is not obvious, B1-3; i-Bioclastic oolitic limestone, rich in iron, distributed along oolitic striatum, B1-3; j- Bioclastic oolitic limestone, ferric oolitic, ferric fill in crinoids, B1-3; k-Bioclastic oolitic limestone, ferruginous oolitic, ferric fill in crinoids, B1-3; l- Bioclastic oolitic limestone, oolitic core consists of crinoids fragments and hematite, thin-skinned oolitic, striatum composition is chloritic, matrix is black brown hematite, B2-2-1
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图 5 龙门山区石沟里养马坝组铁质鲕粒能谱分析
a—鲕粒能谱分析位置图，在鲕粒核心和外部圈层中铁的赋存形式是Fe2O3（赤铁矿），N-1；b—鲕粒能谱分析位置图，在鲕粒核心和外部圈层中铁的赋存形式是FeCO3（菱铁矿），B1-3
Figure 5. Energy spectrum analysis of iron ooids from the Shigouli profile of the Yangma Formation, Longmenshan area
a-Energy spectrum analysis location diagram, in the oolite core and the outer ring, the occurrence of iron is Fe2O3 (hematite), N-1; b-Energy spectrum analysis location diagram, the occurrence form of iron in the oolite core and outer ring is FeCO3 (siderite), B1-3
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