Geochemistry of the diamondiferous olivine basalt and magmatic evolution in the Bailushan area, Xuzhou
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摘要:
江苏徐州地区位于华北克拉通的东南部，其区内及周边广泛发育碱性超基性岩-基性岩，其中不乏含金刚石母岩，但是主要为金伯利岩。笔者在苏北寻找金刚石原生矿的过程中，在徐州白露山地区发现了含金刚石的橄榄玄武岩。本区橄榄玄武岩SiO2含量为42.64%~51.13%，K2O+Na2O为2.57%~5.93%，Al2O3为10.48%~13.53%，MgO含量变化范围较大，为3.11%~19.34%。以主量元素做TAS图解可以看出本区基性岩的投影点基本都落于玄武岩范围，属于高钾钙碱性。微量元素特征显示白露山的样品靠近OIB和火山弧区域。富集端元明显偏高的Ba/Th比值暗示玄武岩中含有大陆下地壳物质。而白露山橄榄玄武岩元素地球化学特征及组成变化范围大并不是主要由地壳混染引起的，而是因为源区含有残留的再循环大陆下地壳。这些地球化学特征说明徐州白露山橄榄玄武岩与辽宁、山东地区金伯利岩具有一定的成因联系，为该区金刚石找矿提供了有利线索。
Abstract:Xuzhou is located in the southeast of the north China craton. Alkaline ultrabasic rocks-basic rocks are widely developed in and around it, where there are some diamondiferous rocks, but mainly kimberlite. During the prospecting of primary diamond deposit, the diamondiferous rocks were discovered in Bailushan, north of Xuzhou. The SiO2 content of olive basalt ranges from 42.64% to 51.13%, K2O+Na2O from 2.57% to 5.93%, Al2O3 from 10.48% to 13.53%, and MgO content from 3.11% to 19.34%. On the TAS diagram, the points of basic rocks in this area all fall into the range of basalt, indicating high potassium calcium alkalinity. Trace element signatures indicate that samples from Bailushan are close to the OIB and volcanic arc regions. The higher Ba/Th ratio of enriched endmember suggests that the basalts contain lower continental crust materials. Therefore, the wide range of elements geochemistry and isotopic composition of olivine basalts is not mainly caused by crustal contamination, but because the source area contains residual recirculation subcontinental crust. These geochemical characteristics suggest that the Bailushan olivine basalt in Xuzhou is related to the kimberlite in Liaoning and Shandong, which provides a favorable clue for diamond prospecting in this area.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
致谢: 样品挑选和鉴定工作得到南京宏创地质勘查技术服务有限公司袁秋云高级工程师的指导，样品测试过程得到中国海洋局第二海洋研究所刘吉强研究员和朱继浩研究员的指导，论文写作过程得到中国地质调查局南京中心毛晓长研究员、徐敏成教授级高级工程师的悉心指正，论文修改过程中得到中国地质调查局发展研究中心王学明教授级高级工程师的指导，谨在此表示诚挚感谢。 -
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图 1 郯庐断裂带构造(a)及徐州地区地质简图(b)
1—元古宙地层；2—古生代地层；3—中生代地层；4—基性岩；5—断层；6—地质界线；7—工作地点
Figure 1. Tanlu fault (a) and geological map of Xuzhou (b)
1-Proterozoic stratum; 2-Palaeozoic stratum; 3-Mesozoic stratum; 4-Basic rocks; 5-Fault; 6-Geological Boundary; 7-Study area
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图 2 白露山岩体平面示意图及白露山岩体东脉和西脉
Figure 2. The sketch map of the Bailushan pluton and veins in its east and west
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图 3 橄榄玄武岩标本及镜下照片
a—橄榄玄武岩露头标本；b—斑状结构，见橄榄石斑晶; c—ZK06橄榄玄武岩岩芯标本；d—基质间粒结构
Figure 3. The olivine basalt and microscopic photographs
a-Olivine basalt sample; b-Porphyritic structure and olivine porphyritic crystal; c-Drill core sample; d-Intergranular texture
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图 6 亚碱性火山岩SiO2-K2O分类（根据Le Maitre, 1989；Rickwood, 1989修改）
Figure 6. SiO2-K2O diagram of sub-alkaline volcanic rock (after Le Maitre, 1989;Rickwood, 1989)
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图 8 橄榄玄武岩MgO-Cr（a）和MgO-Ni（b）图解
Figure 8. MgO-Cr(a) and MgO-Ni(b) diagram of olivine basalt
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图 9 橄榄玄武岩REE配分图（a）及微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（b）
Figure 9. REE distribution diagram(a) and trace element spider diagram(b) of olivinebasalt
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图 10 橄榄玄武岩La/Sm- La (a) 及Ba/Nb- La/Nb (b)图解
Figure 10. La/Sm-La (a) and Ba/Nb-La/Nb (b) diagram of olivine basalt
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图 11 橄榄玄武岩Ti/Zr- Zr (a)、Ti/P-Zr (b)、Fe/Ti -Z(c)r图
Figure 11. Ti/Zr-Zr (a), Ti/P-Zr(b) and Fe/Ti - Zr (c) diagram of olivine basalt
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图 12 橄榄玄武岩Ce-Ce/Pb图解
（大陆下地壳、上地壳、地壳平均值据Rudnick and Gao, 2003）
Figure 12. Ce-Ce/Pb diagram of olivine basalt
(The average values for lower, upper and whole crust for the continent are after Rudnick and Gao, 2003)
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图 13 橄榄玄武岩MgO-CaO相关图
（橄榄岩、辉石岩/榴辉岩熔体区域据Herzberg and Asimow, 2008)
Figure 13. MgO-CaO diagram of olivine basalt
(The division for melts from peridotite and pyroxenite/eclogite is after Herzberg and Asimow, 2008)
表 3 白露山橄榄玄武岩与原始地幔、MORB和OIB的元素比值对比
Table 3 Comparison of olivine basalts from Bailushan with elemental ratios of primitive mantle, MORB and OIB
下载: 导出CSV
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