Material composition and oceanic basin evolution process of the Litang mélange in the middle part of the Ganzi-Litang ophiolite mélange belt
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摘要:
理塘混杂岩位于甘孜-理塘蛇绿混杂岩带中段新龙县-理塘县一带，其内部保存有完整的混杂岩系，包括蛇绿岩残片、洋岛残块、洋内弧残块、复理石建造、裂谷残片、高压变质岩等，是恢复和反演甘孜-理塘洋盆演化的理想地区。在总结前人研究的基础上，结合笔者近年来的研究成果，详细阐述了理塘混杂岩的物质组成、构造环境及形成时代，进一步约束了甘孜-理塘洋盆的时空、性质以及演化历程。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明，甘孜-理塘混杂岩带内蛇绿岩年龄为（346±17）Ma、（286.2±5.1）Ma、（219.5±2.2）Ma、（216.1±2.3）Ma，洋岛年龄为（271±10）Ma、（245.1±1.5）Ma、（211.8±1.8）Ma，在侏罗纪瑞环山组粉砂岩夹层中测得碎屑锆石最新年龄为（196±3）Ma，结合大量的古生物化石鉴定结果，分析认为理塘混杂岩最早的年龄记录可追溯至中泥盆世，最晚可延至早白垩世，是甘孜-理塘洋盆中泥盆世-早白垩世连续演化的记录。综合以上研究成果，笔者还大致建立了甘孜-理塘洋盆晚古生代-中生代的演化过程模式。
Abstract:The Litang mélange, in which conserves complete mélange system is developed, including remnant of ophiolite, oceanic island blocks, intra-oceanic arc blocks, flysch formation, remnant of rift, high-ultrahigh pressure belt, is located in the middle part of the Ganzi-Litang ophiolite mélange belt around Xinlong-Litang county town, and is an ideal object for the restoring and inversing of the evolution of the Ganzi-Litang ocean basin. On the basis of previous studies and combined with recent research results, the mineral composition, tectonic environment and formation age of Litang melange are described in detail, which further constrain the space-time, nature and evolution of Ganzi-Litang ocean basin. The results of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating show that the age of ophiolite is (346±17)Ma, (286.2±5.1)Ma, (219.5±2.2)Ma, (216.1±2.3)Ma, the age of oceanic island is (271±10)Ma, (245.1±1.5)Ma, (211.8±1.8)Ma, and the latest age of detrital zircon is (196±3)Ma in the siltstone interlayer of Ruihuanshan Formation in Jurassic. Combined with a large number of fossil identification results, the analysis shows that the age of the Litang mélange probably ranges from the Middle Devonian to the Early Cretaceous, indicating that it records the continuous evolution of Ganzi-Litang ocean basin from the Middle Devonian to early Cretaceous. With all the achievement mentioned above, the formation and evolution mode of the Ganzi-Litang ocean basin from the Late Paleozoic to the Mesozoic is approximately established.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
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图 1 研究区大地构造位置图（a，据潘桂棠等，2013）和川西理塘地区地质简图（b）
Q—第四系冲积物；E—古近系砂砾岩；T—晚三叠世沉积地层；ηγT3—晚三叠世二长花岗岩；γδT3—晚三叠世花岗闪长岩；op—洋中脊蛇绿岩；ss1—复理石石英质岩段；ss2—复理石碎屑质岩段；ss3—复理石碳酸盐质岩段；ss4-复理石泥质岩段；sm1—洋岛台地岩石组合；sm2—洋岛斜坡岩石组合；sm3—洋岛斜坡脚-盆地岩石组合；rf-裂谷岩石组合；ls—灰岩；1—混杂岩带边界断裂；2—混杂岩带主要断裂；3—走滑断层；4—逆断层；5—同位素年龄；6—地名
Figure 1. Geotectonic location map of the study area (a, after Pan Guitang et al., 2013) and geological map of the Litang area in the west Sichuan(b)
Q-Quaternary alluvium; E-Paleogene sandy conglomerate; T-Late Triassic sedimentary strata; ηγT3-Late Triassic adamellite; γδT3-Late Triassic granodiorite; op- Mid- oceanic ridge ophiolite; ss1- Flysch quartzose member; ss2- Flysch detrital member; ss3- Flysch carbonate member; ss4-Flysch argillaceous member; sm1-Platform facies in oceanic island; sm2-Slope facies in oceanic island; sm3-Base of slope -basin facies in oceanic island; rf- Rift; ls- Limestone; 1- Boundary fault of melange belt; 2- Main fault of melange belt; 3- Strike slip fault; 4- Reverse fault; 5-Isotopic age; 6-Place name
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图 2 四川理塘下坝地区理塘混杂岩地质剖面图
β—玄武岩岩块；βμ—辉绿岩岩块；ψσ—辉石橄榄岩岩块；si—硅质岩岩块; 其他图例说明见图 1
Figure 2. Geological section of Litang ophiolite of the Xiaba area in Litang County, Sichuan Province
β-Basalt block; βμ-Diabase block; ψσ-Pyroxene peridotite block; si-Siliceous rock block; Other legends descriptions are the same as Fig. 1
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图 3 理塘混杂岩蛇绿岩地质特征
a—蛇绿岩中蛇纹石化橄榄辉石岩；b—辉石橄榄岩, 正交偏光；c—略西沟蛇绿岩岩石组合；d—略西沟蛇绿岩火山-沉积旋回；e—略西沟蛇绿岩中枕状玄武岩；f—蚀变斑状玄武岩（正交偏光）
Figure 3. Geological characteristics of ophiolite from the Litang mélange
a-Serpentinized olivine-pyroxenite in ophiolite; b-Pyroxene peridotite, orthogonal polarization; c-Rock association of the Luexigou ophiolite; d-The volcanic-sedimentary cycle of the Luexigou ophiolite; e-Pillow basalt in the Luexigou ophiolite; f-Altered porphyritic basalt(orthogonal polarization)
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图 4 略西沟蛇绿岩锆石CL图像和锆石U-Pb谐和年龄图
Figure 4. Cathodoluminescence images and U-Pb concordant ages of zirzons from Luexigou ophiolite
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图 5 理塘混杂岩洋岛地质特征
a—阿达隆洼洋岛二元结构；b—拉扎嘎山晚期玄武岩熔结早期结晶灰岩；c—交阔隆洼灰岩中滑塌褶皱；d—略西沟玄武质凝灰岩夹灰岩
Figure 5. Geological characteristics of oceanic island from the Litang mélange
a-The dual structure of oceanic island from the Adalongwa; b-Early crystalline limest has fusion sinteringed by the late basalt from the Lazhagashan; c-Slump folds in limestone from the Jiaokuolongwa; d-Basaltic tuff with limestone from Luexigou
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图 6 洋岛型基性火山岩稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图
N—MORB, E—MORB, OIB, 球粒陨石及原始地幔标准化值均来自Sun et al.（1989）
Figure 6. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and primitive mantle-normalized trace multi-element patterns of oceanic island basic volcanic rock
N-MORB, E-MORB, OIB, Chondrite and primitive mantle values are from Sun et al. (1989)
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图 7 理塘混杂岩复理石建造地质特征
a—石英质岩段变质石英砂岩；b—碎屑质岩段中变质岩屑砂岩砂纹层理；c—碎屑质岩段中变质岩屑砂岩重荷模；d—碳酸盐质岩段中变质细砂岩夹灰岩条带；e—碳酸盐质岩段中灰岩旋转碎斑；f—泥质岩段中千枚状板岩
Figure 7. Geological characteristics of flysch formation from the Litang mélange
a-Metamorphic quartz sandstone in quartzose member; b-Sand-laminated bedding of metamorphic lithic sandstone in detrital member; c-Load cast of metamorphic lithic sandstone in detrital member; d-Metamorphic fine sandstone with limestone bands in carbonate member; e-Metamorphic fine sandstone with limestone rotational porphyroclast; f-Phyllitic slate in argillaceous member
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图 8 理塘地区觉吾乡裂谷残片岩石显微镜下照片（正交偏光；a, b）
Figure 8. Photomicrograph of the rifting rock from Juewu Town in the Litang area (orthogonal polarization; a, b)
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图 9 理塘地区觉吾乡变质基性火山岩构造环境判别图解
N-MORB—正常洋中脊玄武岩；E-MORB—富集型洋中脊玄武岩；WPT—板内拉斑玄武岩；WPAB：板内碱性玄武岩；IAT—岛弧拉斑玄武岩；CAB—岛弧钙碱性玄武岩；Ⅰ—N-MORB；Ⅱ1—大洋岛弧玄武岩区；Ⅱ2—陆缘岛弧及陆缘火山弧玄武岩区；Ⅲ—大洋板内洋岛、海山玄武岩及T-/E-MORB区；Ⅳ1—陆内裂谷及陆缘裂谷拉斑玄武岩区；Ⅳ2—陆内裂谷碱性玄武岩区；Ⅳ3—大陆拉张带（初始裂谷）玄武岩区；Ⅴ—地幔热柱玄武岩区
Figure 9. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for metamorphic basic volcanics from Juewu Town in the Litang area
N- MORB- Normal mid ocean ridge basalt; E- MORB- Enriched mid ocean ridge basalt; WPT- Intraplate tholeiite; WPAB- Intraplate alkaline basalt; IAT- Island arc tholeiite; CAB- Island arc calc alkaline basalt; Ⅰ- Normal mid ocean ridge basalt; Ⅱ1- Oceanic island arc basalt area; Ⅱ2-Continental island arc and continental volcanic arc basalt area; Ⅲ-Oceanic intraplate ocean island, seamount basalt and Transitional/Enriched mid ocean ridge basalt area; Ⅳ1- Intracontinental rift and continental margin rift tholeiite area; Ⅳ2- Intracontinental rift alkali basalt area; Ⅳ3-Continental tension belt (initial rift) basalt area; Ⅴ-Mantle plume basalt area
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图 10 理塘地区曲开隆洼石榴角闪片岩手标本及显微镜下照片（正交偏光）
Figure 10. Photograph and photomicrograph of the garnet amphibolite schist in Qukailongwa of Litang (orthogonal polarization)
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图 11 理塘混杂岩形成演化过程模式图（据潘桂棠等, 2013, 略改）
Figure 11. The formation and evolution mode of the Litang mélange(modified from Pan Guitang et al., 2013)
表 1 略西沟蛇绿岩玄武岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测试结果
Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analysis data of the Luexigou ophiolite basalt
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 洋岛型基性火山岩主量元素（10-2）、稀土和微量元素（10-6）分析数据
Table 2 Major (10-2), rare earth and trace (10-6) element analysis data of the oceanic island basic volcanic rocks
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 理塘地区觉吾乡变质基性火山岩主量元素（10-2）、稀土和微量元素（10-6）分析数据
Table 3 Major (10-2), rare earth and trace (10-6) elements analysis data of the metamorphic basic volcanic rocks in Juewu Country, Litang
下载: 导出CSV
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