Formation age and petrogenesis of the Xinxing pluton in western Guangdong: Constraint on the closure of the East Paleo-Tethys Ocean
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摘要:
华南板块南缘二叠纪与三叠纪之交的构造属性仍存在较大争议。对新兴岩体详细的野外调查和研究发现，新兴岩体的侵位时间为晚三叠世（240~224 Ma）而非侏罗纪，其主要岩性为细中粒-细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。地球化学分析显示，新兴花岗岩具有高钾钙碱性、过铝质-强过铝质花岗岩特征，具轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾稀土配分模式，富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、U）而亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti）。Sr-Nd、Lu-Hf同位素分析显示，新兴花岗岩εNd（t）值介于-11.5~-10.5，εHf（t）值介于-2.9~-10.3，具有壳源源区特征。本次研究表明，粤西地区印支期构造-岩浆活动可能开始于~250 Ma，华南板块南缘海西-印支期岩浆作用自晚二叠世（大容山岩体）一直延续到晚三叠世（新兴岩体），且晚三叠世仍存在强烈的岩浆活动。新的证据支持古特提斯洋东段分支的关闭时间在~250 Ma，而印支板块和华南板块的陆陆碰撞拼贴一直延续到240~224 Ma。
Abstract:The tectonic framework on the southern margin of South China Block (SCB) between Permian and Triassic Periods has long been a controversial subject. The regional geological survey and research show that the Xinxing pluton in western Guangdong was emplaced in Late Triassic (240-224 Ma) rather than Jurassic, whose main lithology is medium-fine and fine-grained porphyritic monzonitic granite. The Xinxing granite is characterized by high potassium calc-alkaline and peraluminous-strongly peraluminous series, which is enriched in LREE, Rb, U, and depleted in HREE, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti. It exhibits relatively low εNd(t) (-11.5- -10.5) and εHf(t) (-2.9- -10.3) values, showing the crustal source affinity. Therefore it is suggested that the start of the Indosinian tectonic-magmatic event in Western Gongdong probably took place in ~250 Ma. These new geochemical and geochronological evidence have furthermore restricted the timing of tectonic activities on the southern margin of SCB between later Permian (Darongshan pluton) and later Triassic (Xinxing pluton). Hence, the closure time of East Paleo-Tethys Ocean would be about 250 Ma, and the continental-continental collision between Indo-China Block and SCB continued till 240-224 Ma.
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Keywords:
- Indosinian /
- Paleo-Tethys /
- zircon U-Pb /
- geological survey engineering /
- Yunkai Terrane /
- South China Block
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
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图 1 华南及邻区二叠纪—三叠纪构造格局与主要岩浆岩分布图（据Faure et al., 2016修改）
Figure 1. Structural framework and igneous rocks of South China and its adjacent areas in the Permian-Triassic period (modified from Faure et al., 2016)
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图 3 新兴花岗岩与围岩接触关系（a，b）及两期花岗岩侵入接触关系（c）
Figure 3. Contact relation between Xinxing granite and country rock(a, b); Intrusive contact of two phases granites(c)
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图 4 新兴花岗岩岩石学特征
a~b—细中粒巨斑状黑云母二长花岗岩中斑晶定向排列；c—多斑斑状花岗岩团包；d—细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩中斑晶定向排列；e—细粒黑云母二长花岗岩；f~g—钾长石斑晶环带结构
Figure 4. Characteristics of the Xinxing granite
a-b-Orientation arrange of phenocryst in medium-fine-grained megaporphyritic biotite monzogranite; c-Poly-phenocryst porphyritic granite inclusion; d-Orientation arrange of phenocryst in fine-grained megaporphyritic biotite monzogranite; e-Fine-grained biotite monzogranite; f-gZonal texture of K-feldspar
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图 5 新兴花岗岩镜下特征
a—细中粒巨斑状黑云母二长花岗岩（基质部分）；b—粗中粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩（基质部分）；c—细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩；d—细粒含斑黑云母二长花岗岩；e—细粒含斑白云母二长花岗岩；f—电气石花岗岩；Kf—钾长石；Mic—微斜长石；Per—条纹长石；Pl—斜长石；Bt—黑云母；Mus—白云母；Q—石英；Tur—电气石
Figure 5. Microscopic photos of the Xingxing granite
a-Matrix of medium-fine grained megaporphyritic biotite monzogranite(groundmass); b-Coarse-medium grained porphyritic biotite monzogranite; c-Fine grained porphyritic biotite monzogranite; d-Fine grained porphyritic biotite monzogranite; e-Fine grained porphyritic mica monzogranite; f-Tourmaline granite. Kf-k-Felspar; mic-Microcline; per-Perthite; pl-Plagioclase; bt-Biotite; mus-Muscovite; q-Quartz; tur-Tourmaline
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图 6 新兴花岗岩第二期中产出的各类包体
Figure 6. Various enclaves in the Xinxing granite (the second phase)
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图 7 新兴花岗岩锆石CL特征及U-Pb、Lu-Hf结果
小圈为U-Pb测点（32 μm），大圈为Lu-Hf测点（44 μm），数字为206Pb/238U表面年龄和εHf(t)值
Figure 7. Photomicrographs of representative zircons analyzed for U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopes
Small circles(32 μm) and Large circles(44 μm) respectively indicate the LA-ICP-MS analytical spots for U-Pb isotopes and LuHf isotopes. The numbers are 206Pb/238U apparent ages and εHf(t) values
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图 8 新兴花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年谐和图（a~i顺序与图 7对应）
Figure 8. U-Pb concordia plots of the Xinxing granite
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图 9 新兴花岗岩TAS图解（a）和SiO2-K2O图解（b）
Figure 9. TAS diagram(a) and SiO2-K2O diagram(b) of the Xinxing granite.
1-The first phase(ηγT13)of Xinxing granites; 2-The second phase(ηγT23)of Xinxing granites; 3-Enclaves in Xinxing granites
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图 11 新兴花岗岩球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图解（a, b）和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图解（c, d）
Figure 11. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns(a, b) and primitive-mantle normalized multi-elemental spider diagrams(c, d)of the Xinxing granite
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图 12 细粒斑状花岗岩中基性包体岩石分类图解
Figure 12. Classification diagrams of intermediate-basic enclaves from fine-grained porphyritic granites
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图 13 细粒斑状花岗岩中基性包体球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图解（a）和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图解（b）
Figure 13. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern (a) and primitive-mantle normalized multi-elemental spider diagram(b) of intermediate-basic enclaves from fine-grained porphyritic granite
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图 15 新兴花岗岩第一期（ηγT31，a、b）和第二期（ηγT32，c、d）锆石Hf同位素组成
Figure 15. Lu-Hf isotopic composition of zircons from first(a, b) and second phase(c, d) of the Xinxing granite
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表 1 新兴花岗岩主量元素（%）和稀土、微量元素（10-6）分析结果
Table 1 Analysis results of major elements (%), rare earth and trace elements (10-6) of the Xinxing granite
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 新兴花岗岩中基性岩包体主量元素（%）和稀土、微量元素（10-6）分析结果
Table 3 Analysis results of major elements (%) and rare earth and trace elements (10-6) of basic enclaves from the Xinxing granite
下载: 导出CSV
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